{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T22:17:11Z","timestamp":1790979431414,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri (ANMCO), by the Fondazione per il Tuo cuore onlus"},{"name":"Joint Action of the European Health Examination Survey"},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"\nBackground\/Objectives<\/jats:title>\nObesity is associated with an increased risk of noncommunicable diseases, such as diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke, cancers, and conditions, including obstructive sleep apnea and osteoarthritis. Obesity is largely preventable, and halting its rise is one of the World Health Organization Global Action Plan for the Prevention of Noncommunicable Diseases targets. This study aimed to assess trends of anthropometric measurements in Italy using the data collected within the CUORE Project health examination surveys (HESs) 1998, 2008, and 2018.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nSubjects\/Methods<\/jats:title>\nWithin the HESs 1998\u20132002, 2008\u20132012, and 2018\u20132019, anthropometric measurements were collected in random samples of the resident population aged 35\u201374 years, stratified by age and sex, from 10 Italian Regions in Northern, Central, and Southern Italy (2984 men and 2944 women, 2224 men and 2188 women, 1035 men and 1065 women, respectively). Weight, height, and waist and hip circumferences were measured using standardized methodologies. A standardized questionnaire was used to collect data on education. Indicators were age standardized.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nResults<\/jats:title>\nFor both men and women, mean body mass index in 2018 was comparable with those in 1998 and 2008 (in 1998, 2008, and 2018\u2014men: 26.7, 27.5, and 27.0 kg\/m2<\/jats:sup>; women: 26.2, 26.6, and 26.3 kg\/m2<\/jats:sup>). In 1998, 2008, 2018 prevalence of overweight resulted 49%, 47%, 46% in men and 33%, 32%, 28% in women respectively; prevalence of obesity resulted 17%, 24% 20% in men and 19%, 23%, 23% in women respectively. All indicators of excess weight worsen with increasing age and are more severe in persons with a lower educational level.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nConclusions<\/jats:title>\nAlthough the overall trend of excess weight over the past two decades appeared to be substantially stable in the Italian adult population, the continuous strengthening of undertaken initiatives should continue since there remains a high proportion of overweight or obesity and a gap between educational levels.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0264778","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T18:37:25Z","timestamp":1646159845000},"page":"e0264778","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Trends of overweight, obesity and anthropometric measurements among the adult population in Italy: The CUORE Project health examination surveys 1998, 2008, and 2018"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8040-5571","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chiara","family":"Donfrancesco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Profumo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cinzia","family":"Lo Noce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Minutoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Di Lonardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0575-4106","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Brigitta","family":"Buttari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3820-1508","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Francesca","family":"Vespasiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serena","family":"Vannucchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferruccio","family":"Galletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graziano","family":"Onder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Furio","family":"Colivicchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Galeone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1061-6517","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Paolo","family":"Bellisario","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Palmieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0264778.ref001","volume-title":"Global Action Plan for the prevention and control of Noncommunicable Diseases 2013\u20132020","author":"WHO","year":"2013"},{"key":"pone.0264778.ref002","unstructured":"OECD Health Policy Study. 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