{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T03:17:13Z","timestamp":1790306233899,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]],"date-time":"2022-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fecal carriage of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase and Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae is a potential risk for the transmission of infection with resistant strains. Understanding the burden of these resistant strains in asymptomatic people is essential to reduce the chain of infection transmission. However, data on the fecal carriage of Extended-spectrum Beta-lactamase and Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae among food handlers were limited in developing countries especially in Ethiopia. The aim of the present study is, therefore, to assess fecal carriage rate, associated factors, and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Extended-spectrum Beta-lactamase and Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae among food handlers at the University of Gondar Cafeterias, Northwest Ethiopia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec002\"><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from February to June 2021 at the University of Gondar cafeterias. A total of 290 stool samples were collected, transported using Cary Blair transport medium, and processed. All isolates were cultured and identified by using MacConkey agar, and routine biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done to each isolate following the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. If the zone of inhibition was \u2264 22 mm for ceftazidime, \u226425 mm for ceftriaxone, and \u226427 for cefotaxime they were considered as potential ESBL strain and selected for a further phenotypic confirmatory. Moreover, the double-disc diffusion test and the modified carbapenem inactivation method were used for confirmations of Extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase and Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae respectively. If a \u22655mm difference in zone diameter for either antimicrobial agent in combination with clavulanic acid versus the zone diameter of the agent when tested alone (without B-lactamase inhibitor), was confirmed as ESBL-PE and if the zone of inhibition diameter between 6-15mm and 16- 18mm with a pinpoint colony, it was considered as carbapenem resistance Enterobacteriaceae. Data were entered using Epi-data version 4.6 and then exported to SPSS version 26 for analysis. Potential risk factors were assessed using multivariable logistic regression and a p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec003\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Out of 290 stool samples, 63 (21.7%) and 7 (2.4%) were confirmed as Extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase and Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. The most predominant ESBL-PE was<jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>coli<\/jats:italic>43 (14.8%) followed by<jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>17 (5.9%). Most of the Extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase and Carbapenemase-producing isolates were resistant to tetracycline, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, and ceftriaxone (100% each). In contrast, a low resistance level was recorded for Meropenem and cefoxitin. The overall Multi-drug resistant Enterobacteriaceae (MDR) was 147 (42.3%). Antibiotics usage in the last 3 months and drinking unpasteurized milk were associated with the carriage of the Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec004\"><jats:title>Conclusions and recommendations<\/jats:title><jats:p>The high fecal carriage rate of Multi-drug resistance isolate, Extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase, and Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae were recorded among food handlers. Therefore, this study gives signals in the spread of drug-resistant bacteria easily to the community. Hence, the need for adjusting and promotion of infection prevention measures to prevent the spread of drug-resistant bacteria should not be underestimated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0264818","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]],"date-time":"2022-03-17T18:04:03Z","timestamp":1647540243000},"page":"e0264818","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["High prevalence of fecal carriage of Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae among food handlers at the University of Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1098-6892","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Azanaw","family":"Amare","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9130-0882","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Setegn","family":"Eshetie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Desie","family":"Kasew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feleke","family":"Moges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0264818.ref001","unstructured":"Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Pfaller MA (2015) Medical microbiology: Elsevier Health Sciences."},{"key":"pone.0264818.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S48820","article-title":"Horizontal gene transfer in the human gastrointestinal tract: potential spread of antibiotic resistance genes","volume":"7","author":"JR Huddleston","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infection and Drug Resistance"},{"key":"pone.0264818.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peirano G, Pitout JD (2019) Extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae: update on molecular epidemiology and treatment options. 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