{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:01:40Z","timestamp":1787022100355,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]],"date-time":"2022-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The bacterium\n                    <jats:italic>Serratia marcescens<\/jats:italic>\n                    can cause opportunistic infections in humans and in animals. In veterinary settings, the diversity, reservoirs and modes of transmission of this pathogen are poorly understood. The phenotypes and genotypes of\n                    <jats:italic>Serratia<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. isolated from dogs, cats, horses, a bird and a rabbit examined at an Australian veterinary hospital between 2008 and 2019 were characterised. The isolates were identified as\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>marcescens<\/jats:italic>\n                    (n = 15) or\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>ureilytica<\/jats:italic>\n                    (n = 3) and were placed into four distinct phylogenetic groups. Nine quasi-clonal isolates associated with post-surgical complications in different patients displayed high levels of resistance to the antimicrobials fluoroquinolones, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, and to the disinfectant chlorhexidine. A\n                    <jats:italic>Serratia<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. with a similar resistance profile was also isolated from chlorhexidine solutions used across the Hospital, suggesting that these infections had a nosocomial origin. A genomic island encoding a homolog of the\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic>\n                    MexCD-OprJ biocide efflux system was detected in the chlorhexidine-tolerant\n                    <jats:italic>Serratia<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The nine multi-drug resistant\n                    <jats:italic>Serratia<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates also possessed a Ser-83-Ile mutation in GyrA conferring fluoroquinolone resistance, and carried a large IncHI2 conjugative plasmid encoding antimicrobial and heavy metal resistances. This replicon was highly similar to a plasmid previously detected in a strain of\n                    <jats:italic>Enterobacter hormaechei<\/jats:italic>\n                    recovered from the Hospital environment. IncHI2 plasmids are commonly found in\n                    <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , but are rarely present in\n                    <jats:italic>Serratia<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp., suggesting that this plasmid was acquired from another organism. A chlorhexidine-tolerant\n                    <jats:italic>Serratia<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolate which lacked the IncHI2 plasmid was used in mating experiments to demonstrate the transfer of multi-drug resistance from a\n                    <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>hormaechei<\/jats:italic>\n                    donor. This study illustrates the importance of environmental surveillance of biocide-resistance in veterinary hospitals.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0264848","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]],"date-time":"2022-03-17T14:04:46Z","timestamp":1647525886000},"page":"e0264848","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Healthcare-associated infections caused by chlorhexidine-tolerant Serratia marcescens carrying a promiscuous IncHI2 multi-drug resistance plasmid in a veterinary hospital"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4740-9404","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joanne L.","family":"Allen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas 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