{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T03:45:07Z","timestamp":1791690307290,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]],"date-time":"2022-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 DC6282"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DC6282"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U54 HD090256"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54 HD090256"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Normative data on the growth and development of the upper airway across the sexes is needed for the diagnosis and treatment of congenital and acquired respiratory anomalies and to gain insight on developmental changes in speech acoustics and disorders with craniofacial anomalies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The growth of the upper airway in children ages birth to 5 years, as compared to adults, was quantified using an imaging database with computed tomography studies from typically developing individuals. Methodological criteria for scan inclusion and airway measurements included: head position, histogram-based airway segmentation, anatomic landmark placement, and development of a semi-automatic centerline for data extraction. A comprehensive set of 2D and 3D supra- and sub-glottal measurements from the choanae to tracheal opening were obtained including: naso-oro-laryngo-pharynx subregion volume and length, each subregion\u2019s superior and inferior cross-sectional-area, and antero-posterior and transverse\/width distances.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Growth of the upper airway during the first 5 years of life was more pronounced in the vertical and transverse\/lateral dimensions than in the antero-posterior dimension. By age 5 years, females have larger pharyngeal measurement than males. Prepubertal sex-differences were identified in the subglottal region.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings demonstrate the importance of studying the growth of the upper airway in 3D. As the lumen length increases, its shape changes, becoming increasingly elliptical during the first 5 years of life. This study also emphasizes the importance of methodological considerations for both image acquisition and data extraction, as well as the use of consistent anatomic structures in defining pharyngeal regions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0264981","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]],"date-time":"2022-03-11T13:36:12Z","timestamp":1647005772000},"page":"e0264981","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Anatomic development of the upper airway during the first five years of life: A three-dimensional imaging study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ying Ji","family":"Chuang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seong Jae","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin A.","family":"Buhr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0748-4290","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Courtney A.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory D.","family":"Avey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brad H.","family":"Story","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6074-0110","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Houri K.","family":"Vorperian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0264981.ref001","article-title":"Developmental aspects of the upper airway: Report from an NHLBI Workshop, March 5\u20136, 2009","author":"CL Marcus","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society"},{"key":"pone.0264981.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1835958","article-title":"Development of vocal tract length during early childhood: A magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"117","author":"HK Vorperian","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"key":"pone.0264981.ref003","first-page":"206","volume-title":"Symposium on the development of the basicranium","author":"JT Laitman","year":"1976"},{"key":"pone.0264981.ref004","first-page":"645","author":"AF Roche","year":"1987","journal-title":"The level of the larynx during childhood"},{"key":"pone.0264981.ref005","first-page":"303","volume-title":"Essentials of Facial Growth","author":"DH Enlow","year":"1996"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0264981.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(97)70267-1","article-title":"The functional matrix hypothesis revisited. 1. 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