{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T05:06:53Z","timestamp":1781327213466,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]],"date-time":"2022-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01GM121600 and R01AI158666"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01GM121600 and R01AI158666"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"US Department of Energy, Office of Science","award":["DE-AC02-06CH11357"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-AC02-06CH11357"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a leading cause of chronic liver disease and mortality worldwide. Direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy leads to high cure rates. However, persons who inject drugs (PWID) are at risk for reinfection after cure and may require multiple DAA treatments to reach the World Health Organization\u2019s (WHO) goal of HCV elimination by 2030. Using an agent-based model (ABM) that accounts for the complex interplay of demographic factors, risk behaviors, social networks, and geographic location for HCV transmission among PWID, we examined the combination(s) of DAA enrollment (2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%), adherence (60%, 70%, 80%, 90%) and frequency of DAA treatment courses needed to achieve the WHO\u2019s goal of reducing incident chronic infections by 90% by 2030 among a large population of PWID from Chicago, IL and surrounding suburbs. We also estimated the economic DAA costs associated with each scenario. Our results indicate that a DAA treatment rate of &gt;7.5% per year with 90% adherence results in 75% of enrolled PWID requiring only a single DAA course; however 19% would require 2 courses, 5%, 3 courses and &lt;2%, 4 courses, with an overall DAA cost of $325 million to achieve the WHO goal in metropolitan Chicago. We estimate a 28% increase in the overall DAA cost under low adherence (70%) compared to high adherence (90%). Our modeling results have important public health implications for HCV elimination among U.S. PWID. Using a range of feasible treatment enrollment and adherence rates, we report robust findings supporting the need to address re-exposure and reinfection among PWID to reduce HCV incidence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0264983","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]],"date-time":"2022-03-10T13:40:42Z","timestamp":1646919642000},"page":"e0264983","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Modeling hepatitis C micro-elimination among people who inject drugs with direct-acting antivirals in metropolitan Chicago"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Eric","family":"Tatara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3324-2220","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alexander","family":"Gutfraind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholson T.","family":"Collier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Desarae","family":"Echevarria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott J.","family":"Cotler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marian E.","family":"Major","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3495-6735","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Ozik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harel","family":"Dahari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Basmattee","family":"Boodram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0264983.ref001","unstructured":"World Health Organization, \u201cHepatitis C Fact Sheet,\u201d 2016. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/hepatitis-c (accessed Jun. 25, 2021)."},{"key":"pone.0264983.ref002","unstructured":"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, \u201c2019 Viral Hepatitis Surveillance Report,\u201d Jul. 2021. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hepatitis\/statistics\/2019surveillance\/index.htm (accessed Jun. 26, 2021)."},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0264983.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2366","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz701","article-title":"A Call to Action: HCV Treatment of People Who Inject Drugs in the United States","volume":"70","author":"B. 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