{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T00:36:03Z","timestamp":1788568563936,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]],"date-time":"2022-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PN2017-7256"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN2017-7256"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Beca de posgrado"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Beca de posgrado"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007917","name":"Agricultural Research Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2090-32000-039-18-A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2090-32000-039-18-A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007917","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro. FONDEC","award":["FNV-2020-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FNV-2020-05"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Equine piroplasmosis is a disease of horses, mules and donkeys, caused by the hemoprotozoans\n                    <jats:italic>Babesia caballi<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Theileria equi<\/jats:italic>\n                    and transmitted by ticks of tropical and subtropical regions. Because the clinical signs are not specific, the diagnosis of equine piroplasmosis is difficult. In Mexico, where the environmental factors are conducive to the persistence of these pathogens, there is a lack of molecular studies to evaluate the occurrence of both parasites in horses. In the present study, matching serum and whole blood samples were obtained from 269 horses residing in 24 locations with tropical or subtropical climate and the presence of ticks. Testing of serum samples by ELISA demonstrated 55.7% seroprevalence of\n                    <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>caballi<\/jats:italic>\n                    and 68.4% prevalence of antibodies to\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>equi<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Blood samples analyzed with nPCR test were 7.8% positive to\n                    <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>caballi<\/jats:italic>\n                    and 78.8% positive to\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>equi<\/jats:italic>\n                    , while a duplex qPCR showed 15.24% positive samples to\n                    <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>caballi<\/jats:italic>\n                    and 59.11% to\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>equi<\/jats:italic>\n                    . From these results, 27 samples were sequenced for\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>equi<\/jats:italic>\n                    and 13 for\n                    <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>caballi<\/jats:italic>\n                    , confirming the presence of both horse parasites that cause equine piroplasmosis and suggesting that they are widespread in Mexico. This is the first study confirming the presence of\n                    <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>caballi<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>equi<\/jats:italic>\n                    in Mexico using both serological and molecular diagnostic methods. This study shows a high incidence of exposure to the etiological agents of equine piroplasmosis in horses in the studied areas.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0264998","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]],"date-time":"2022-03-08T13:43:11Z","timestamp":1646746991000},"page":"e0264998","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Serological and molecular detection of Babesia caballi and Theileria equi in Mexico: A prospective study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0503-6577","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Salinas-Estrella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massaro W.","family":"Ueti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladislav A.","family":"Lobanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evelio","family":"Castillo-Payr\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amelia","family":"Lizcano-Mata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9sar","family":"Badilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8892-6390","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Juan","family":"Mosqueda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0264998.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118200000010X","article-title":"On the occurrence of two species of parasites in equine \u201cpiroplasmosis\u201d or \u201cbiliary fever\u201d.","volume":"5","author":"GHF Nuttall","year":"1912","journal-title":"Parasitol"},{"key":"pone.0264998.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-1935(92)90061-5","article-title":"Equine piroplasmosis: a review","volume":"148","author":"DT De Waal","year":"1992","journal-title":"British Vet J"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0264998.ref003","first-page":"467","article-title":"Redescription of Babesia equi (Laveran, 1901) as Theileria equi","volume":"84","author":"H Mehlhorn","year":"1998","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0264998.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4327","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00404-09","article-title":"Imidocarb dipropionate clears persistent Babesia caballi infection with elimination of transmission potential","volume":"53","author":"ON Schwint","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"pone.0264998.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-010814-021110","article-title":"Vector ecology of equine piroplasmosis","volume":"60","author":"AG Scoles","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu Rev Entomol"},{"key":"pone.0264998.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4160-2406-4.50065-X","volume-title":"In Equine Infectious Diseases","author":"CM Rothschild","year":"2007"},{"key":"pone.0264998.ref007","unstructured":"Rovid A, Allen J, Gaylon J, Lofstedt J, Victoria M. 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