{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T16:08:29Z","timestamp":1786723709810,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]],"date-time":"2022-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"New Discovery and Frontier Research Grant","award":["NDFR 03\/2564"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NDFR 03\/2564"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004156","name":"Mahidol University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["International postdoctoral fellowships"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["International postdoctoral fellowships"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Innovation Project grant, Thailand","award":["69864"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["69864"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Trichinellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the ingestion of the <jats:italic>Trichinella<\/jats:italic> nematode. With a worldwide incidence of approximately 10,000 cases per year, <jats:italic>Trichinella spiralis<\/jats:italic> is responsible for most human infections. There are no specific signs or symptoms of this parasitic infection. Muscle biopsy is the gold diagnostic standard for trichinellosis, but the technique is invasive and unable to detect the early stage of infection. Although immunodiagnostics are also available, antibody detection usually occurs after 3 weeks and prolonged up to 19 years after the acute phase. Therefore, additional diagnostic biomarkers must be identified to improve trichinellosis diagnosis. This study aimed to measure concentration changes in mouse serum proteins prior to <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>spiralis<\/jats:italic> infection and 2, 4 and 8 weeks after infection, and to identify <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>spiralis<\/jats:italic> circulating proteins and antigens using mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Mouse muscle-related proteins including inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H2, a protein involved in the response to muscle tissue damage, were up-regulated in mouse sera during the <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>spiralis<\/jats:italic> larvae invasion. Additionally, 33 circulatory parasite proteins were identified in infected mouse sera. Notably, <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>spiralis<\/jats:italic> long-chain fatty acid transport protein 1 could be detected in the early stage of infection and peroxidasin-like protein was identified 2, 4 and 8 weeks after infection. Seventeen <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>spiralis<\/jats:italic> circulating antigens were detected in mouse immune complexes, with PX domain protein being found 2, 4 and 8 weeks after infection. Because peroxidasin-like protein and PX domain protein were detected at all post-infection time points, sequence alignments of these proteins were performed, which showed they are conserved among <jats:italic>Trichinella<\/jats:italic> spp. and have less similarity to the human and murine sequences. Integrative analysis of <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>spiralis<\/jats:italic> biomarkers throughout the course of infection may reveal additional diagnostic targets to improve early diagnosis of trichinellosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0265013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]],"date-time":"2022-03-10T18:36:25Z","timestamp":1646937385000},"page":"e0265013","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Identification and profiling of Trichinella spiralis circulating antigens and proteins in sera of mice with trichinellosis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Charin","family":"Thawornkuno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathyleen","family":"Nogrado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Poom","family":"Adisakwattana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tipparat","family":"Thiangtrongjit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1154-6485","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Onrapak","family":"Reamtong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"pone.0265013.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.07.002","article-title":"World distribution of Trichinella spp. infections in animals and humans","volume":"149","author":"E. 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