{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T19:42:24Z","timestamp":1781293344680,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]],"date-time":"2022-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017596","name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2018JQ5218"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018JQ5218"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017596","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51809224"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51809224"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Top Young Talents of Shaanxi Special Support Program"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wild medicinal herbs have been used as folk and traditional medicines all across the world since well before recorded history. This present study was designed to test the antimicrobial activities of five different solvent extracted samples (<jats:italic>n-hexane<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>n-butanol<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>ethyl acetate<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>methanol<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>water<\/jats:italic>) of <jats:italic>Peganum harmala<\/jats:italic> using stems and seeds. Two different strains of Gram-negative bacteria (<jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumonia)<\/jats:italic>, two Gram-positive bacteria <jats:italic>(Bacillus subtilus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus)<\/jats:italic>, and one fungal strain (<jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>) were used. The antimicrobial activities were measured using a disc diffusion assay. Two concentrations of the extracts (1 and 2mgDisc<jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>) were used. <jats:italic>Ethyl acetate<\/jats:italic> fraction was found more affective among the tested solvents and showed maximum activity (zone of inhibition) against <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>aureus (<\/jats:italic>65.53 and 81.10%<jats:italic>)<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>coli (<\/jats:italic>46.22 and 61.29%<jats:italic>)<\/jats:italic> while <jats:italic>n-butanol<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>water<\/jats:italic> fractions gave maximum activity against <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>aureus<\/jats:italic> (78.86 and 70.00%) <jats:italic>and K<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pneumonia<\/jats:italic> (57.00 and 61.39%) respectively. <jats:italic>Water<\/jats:italic> fraction showed maximum activity against <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>albicans<\/jats:italic> (60.00 and 81.88%). In the case of the stem, <jats:italic>Ethyl acetate<\/jats:italic> again showed more activity against <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>subtilus<\/jats:italic> (38.57 and 42.10%) and S. <jats:italic>aureus<\/jats:italic> (36.66 and 46.66%) while <jats:italic>n-butanol<\/jats:italic> showed maximum activity against <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pneumonia<\/jats:italic> (24.55 and 32.44%) and <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>coli<\/jats:italic> (27.93 and 37.61%). <jats:italic>Methanol<\/jats:italic> was found more effective against <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>albicans<\/jats:italic> (25.71 and 43.80%). Seed extracted samples were found more effective compared to the stem. <jats:italic>Ethyl acetate<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>butanol<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>aqueous<\/jats:italic> extracted samples showed good activity against the tested microbes, so these fractions are recommended for study their mechanism of actions and isolation of bioactive metabolites responsible for antimicrobial activities. The <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>harmala<\/jats:italic> should be evaluated for their bioactive compounds to be used in future studies. Our objective is to provide the framework for future study on the roles of <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>harmala<\/jats:italic> as traditional medicines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0265206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]],"date-time":"2022-04-28T18:14:23Z","timestamp":1651169663000},"page":"e0265206","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Antimicrobial activities of different solvent extracts from stem and seeds of Peganum Harmala L"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Arif","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiukang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9319-6222","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohammad Sayyar Khan","family":"Kazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahid","family":"Ullah Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumbul","family":"Saeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir Muhammad","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahmat Ali","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masood","family":"Afzal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayesha Fazal","family":"Nawaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Amir","family":"Zia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hosam","family":"O. 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King Abdul aziz Uni. 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