{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T21:38:54Z","timestamp":1781127534791,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]],"date-time":"2022-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Mental disorders are associated with markedly reduced life expectancy, in part due to an increased risk of death due to infection, likely reflecting sepsis-associated mortality. Patients with mental disorders are at an increased risk of sepsis, but data on the prognostic impact of mental disorders in sepsis are sparse, showing conflicting findings.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We used statewide data to identify hospitalizations aged \u226518 years with sepsis in Texas during 2014\u20132017. Mental disorders, including mood, anxiety, psychosis, and personality disorders were identified using Clinical Classification Software codes. Multilevel, multivariable logistic regression with propensity adjustment (primary model), with propensity score matching, and multivariable logistic regression as alternative models, were used to estimate the association between mental disorders and short-term mortality (defined as in-hospital mortality or discharge to hospice). Additional models were fitted for sensitivity analyses and to estimate the prognostic associations of individual categories of mental disorders.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Among 283,025 hospitalizations with sepsis, 56,904 (20.1%) had mental disorders. Hospitalizations with vs without mental disorders were younger (age 18\u201344 years 12.2% vs 10.6%), more commonly white (61.0% vs 49.8%), with lower burden of comorbidities (mean [SD] Deyo comorbidity index 2.53 [2.27] vs 2.73 [2.47]), and with lower need for organ support (mechanical ventilation 32.8% vs 36.0%); p&lt;0.0001 for all comparisons. Crude short-term mortality among sepsis hospitalizations with and without mental disorders was 25.0% vs 32.8%, respectively. On adjusted analyses, mental disorders remained associated with lower odds of short-term mortality (adjusted odds ratio 0.792 [95% CI 0.772\u20130.812]). This finding was consistent on the alternative modeling approaches, sensitivity analyses, and examination of individual categories of mental disorders.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Mental disorders were associated, unexpectedly, with markedly lower risk of short-term mortality in sepsis. Further studies to examine the mechanisms underlying these findings may inform future efforts to improve sepsis outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0265240","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]],"date-time":"2022-03-10T18:35:08Z","timestamp":1646937308000},"page":"e0265240","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Impact of history of mental disorders on short-term mortality among hospitalized patients with sepsis: A population-based cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9003-6845","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lavi","family":"Oud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7030-3734","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"John","family":"Garza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10219","key":"pone.0265240.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32989-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990\u20132017: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"395","author":"KE Rudd","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0265240.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000000026","article-title":"Two decades of mortality trends among patients with severe sepsis: a comparative meta-analysis","volume":"42","author":"EK Stevenson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0265240.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.2637","article-title":"Mortality related to severe sepsis and septic shock among critically ill patients in Australia and New Zealand, 2000\u20132012","volume":"311","author":"KM Kaukonen","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0265240.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200703-480OC","article-title":"Racial variation in the incidence, care, and outcomes of severe sepsis: analysis of population, patient, and hospital characteristics","volume":"177","author":"AE Barnato","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0265240.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofy313","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofy313","article-title":"Sepsis in Intensive Care Unit Patients: Worldwide Data From the Intensive Care over Nations Audit","volume":"5","author":"ICON Investigators","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10159","key":"pone.0265240.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32279-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"392","author":"GBD 2017 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9859","key":"pone.0265240.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61729-2","article-title":"Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990\u20132010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"380","author":"T Vos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0265240.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e55176","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055176","article-title":"Excess mortality, causes of death and life expectancy in 270,770 patients with recent onset of mental disorders in Denmark, Finland and Sweden","volume":"8","author":"M Nordentoft","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0265240.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.2502","article-title":"Mortality in mental disorders and global disease burden implications: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"72","author":"ER Walker","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0265240.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20384","article-title":"Excess mortality in persons with severe mental disorders: a multilevel intervention framework and priorities for clinical practice, policy and research agendas","volume":"16","author":"NH Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0265240.ref011","unstructured":"Mental Illness. National Institute of Mental Health. January, 2021. https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/statistics\/mental-illness."},{"issue":"21","key":"pone.0265240.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2581","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.21.2581","article-title":"WHO World Mental Health Survey Consortium. Prevalence, severity, and unmet need for treatment of mental disorders in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys","volume":"291","author":"K Demyttenaere","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0265240.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287","article-title":"The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3)","volume":"315","author":"M Singer","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0265240.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0622-3","article-title":"A large-scale genomic investigation of susceptibility to infection and its association with mental disorders in the Danish population","volume":"9","author":"R Nudel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0265240.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv333","article-title":"Depression and the risk of severe infections: prospective analyses on a nationwide representative sample","volume":"45","author":"NW Andersson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0265240.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2012-202480","article-title":"Risk of pneumonia and pneumococcal disease in people with severe mental illness: English record linkage studies","volume":"68","author":"OO Seminog","year":"2013","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"pone.0265240.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"l5784","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l5784","article-title":"Stress related disorders and subsequent risk of life threatening infections: population based sibling controlled cohort study","volume":"367","author":"H Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"16","key":"pone.0265240.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3436","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-20-0502","article-title":"Psychiatric Disorders Are Associated with Increased Risk of Sepsis Following a Cancer Diagnosis","volume":"80","author":"Q Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"pone.0265240.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2016.08.006","article-title":"The association of unipolar depression with thirty-day mortality after hospitalization for infection: A population-based cohort study in Denmark","volume":"89","author":"DS Davydow","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0265240.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2015.14091100","article-title":"Thirty-Day Mortality After Infection Among Persons With Severe Mental Illness: A Population-Based Cohort Study in Denmark","volume":"172","author":"AR Ribe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0265240.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0194371","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0194371","article-title":"A risk-model for hospital mortality among patients with severe sepsis or septic shock based on German national administrative claims data","volume":"13","author":"D Schwarzkopf","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0265240.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000001392","article-title":"A Severe Sepsis Mortality Prediction Model and Score for Use With Administrative Data","volume":"44","author":"DW Ford","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0265240.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0227752","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227752","article-title":"Incidence, trends, and outcomes of infection sites among hospitalizations of sepsis: A nationwide study","volume":"15","author":"EH Chou","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0265240.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2020.10.019","article-title":"Epidemiology and outcomes of invasive mechanical ventilation without ICU admission in acute care hospitals in Texas: A population-based cohort study","volume":"61","author":"L Oud","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"pone.0265240.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e296","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040296","article-title":"The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"4","author":"STROBE Initiative","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"pone.0265240.ref026","unstructured":"Texas inpatient public use data file. Texas Department of State Health Services, Center for Health Statistics, Austin, Texas. 2018. http:\/\/www.dshs.state.tx.us\/thcic\/hospitals\/Inpatientpudf.shtm."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0265240.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004224","article-title":"Sepsis Among Medicare Beneficiaries: 1. The Burdens of Sepsis, 2012\u20132018","volume":"48","author":"TG Buchman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"pone.0265240.ref028","unstructured":"Clinical Classification Software (CCS) for ICD-9-CM. Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. https:\/\/www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov\/toolssoftware\/ccs\/ccs.jsp."},{"key":"pone.0265240.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.2137","article-title":"Psychiatric diagnoses and psychoactive medication use among nonsurgical critically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilation","volume":"311","author":"H Wunsch","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"pone.0265240.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e289","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(18)30077-X","article-title":"Mortality in people with mental disorders in the Czech Republic: a nationwide, register-based cohort study","volume":"3","author":"D Krupchanka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0265240.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-0352","article-title":"Milwaukee Initiative in Critical Care Outcomes Research (MICCOR) Group of Investigators. Nationwide trends of severe sepsis in the 21st century (2000\u20132007)","volume":"140","author":"G Kumar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"pone.0265240.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200107000-00002","article-title":"Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the United States: analysis of incidence, outcome, and associated costs of care","volume":"29","author":"DC Angus","year":"2001","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"pone.0265240.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlr.0000182534.19832.83","article-title":"Coding algorithms for defining comorbidities in ICD-9-CM and ICD-10 administrative data","volume":"43","author":"H Quan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"pone.0265240.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq433","article-title":"Updating and validating the Charlson comorbidity index and score for risk adjustment in hospital discharge abstracts using data from 6 countries","volume":"173","author":"H Quan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"pone.0265240.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000254340.91644.B2","article-title":"Alcohol dependence is independently associated with sepsis, septic shock, and hospital mortality among adult intensive care unit patients","volume":"35","author":"JM O\u2019Brien","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"pone.0265240.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2105","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.5702","article-title":"Association Between Teaching Status and Mortality in US Hospitals","volume":"317","author":"LG Burke","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0265240.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.13836","article-title":"Incidence and Trends of Sepsis in US Hospitals Using Clinical vs Claims Data, 2009\u20132014","volume":"318","author":"CDC Prevention Epicenter Program","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"16","key":"pone.0265240.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa022139","article-title":"The epidemiology of sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000","volume":"348","author":"GS Martin","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"pone.0265240.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq439","article-title":"Doubly robust estimation of causal effects","volume":"173","author":"MJ Funk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"pone.0265240.ref040","first-page":"215","article-title":"A weighting analogue to pair matching in propensity score analysis","volume":"9","author":"L Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Biostat"},{"key":"pone.0265240.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1002\/pst.433","article-title":"Optimal caliper widths for propensity-score matching when estimating differences in means and differences in proportions in observational studies","volume":"10","author":"PC Austin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharm Stat"},{"key":"pone.0265240.ref042","first-page":"1228","volume":"38","author":"PC Austin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Using the Standardized Difference to Compare the Prevalence of a Binary Variable Between Two Groups in Observational Research, Commun Stat Simul Comput"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0265240.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.4037\/ajcc2010967","article-title":"Preexisting comorbid psychiatric conditions and mortality in nonsurgical intensive care patients","volume":"19","author":"TE Abrams","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Crit Care"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0265240.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.2010.190","article-title":"Influence of psychiatric comorbidity on surgical mortality","volume":"145","author":"TE Abrams","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"key":"pone.0265240.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2020.11.049","article-title":"Patients with psychiatric diagnoses have increased odds of morbidity and mortality in elective orthopedic surgery","volume":"84","author":"A Brown","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0265240.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2019.01.015","article-title":"Mortality in hospital patients with and without mental disorders: A data-linkage cohort study","volume":"111","author":"RS Karim","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"pone.0265240.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d5422","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d5422","article-title":"Mortality after hospital discharge for people with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder: retrospective study of linked English hospital episode statistics, 1999\u20132006","volume":"343","author":"U Hoang","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0265240.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.14191218","article-title":"Psychiatric Illness and Mortality in Hospitalized ESKD Dialysis Patients","volume":"14","author":"PL Kimmel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"15","key":"pone.0265240.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.161.15.1849","article-title":"Relationship of depression to increased risk of mortality and rehospitalization in patients with congestive heart failure","volume":"161","author":"W Jiang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"pone.0265240.ref050","volume-title":"The Oxford handbook of stress and mental health","author":"G. M. Slavich","year":"2020"},{"key":"pone.0265240.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2012.10.002","article-title":"The role of the innate immune system in psychiatric disorders","volume":"53","author":"KA Jones","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0265240.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2015.11.012","article-title":"Innate and adaptive immunity in the development of depression: An update on current knowledge and technological advances","volume":"66","author":"R Haapakoski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0265240.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.13334","article-title":"The immune system and psychiatric disease: a basic science perspective","volume":"197","author":"FC Bennett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0265240.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.3","article-title":"A meta-analysis of blood cytokine network alterations in psychiatric patients: comparisons between schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and depression","volume":"21","author":"DR Goldsmith","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0265240.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e027925","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-027925","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between peripheral inflammatory cytokines and generalised anxiety disorder","volume":"9","author":"H Costello","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0265240.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-013-9462-8","article-title":"Evidence for a dysregulated immune system in the etiology of psychiatric disorders","volume":"8","author":"SM Gibney","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neuroimmune Pharmacol"},{"key":"pone.0265240.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00892","article-title":"Cytokine Alterations in Schizophrenia","volume":"10","author":"S Momtazmanesh","year":"2019","journal-title":"An Updated Review. Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0265240.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.04.017","article-title":"Inflammation, anxiety, and stress in bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder: A narrative review","volume":"127","author":"LF Saccaro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0265240.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2016.146","article-title":"Inflammation in Fear- and Anxiety-Based Disorders: PTSD, GAD, and Beyond","volume":"42","author":"V Michopoulos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0265240.ref060","first-page":"115","article-title":"Psychoneuroimmunology of mental disorders","volume":"11","author":"V Soria","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev Psiquiatr Salud Ment (Engl Ed)"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0265240.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001084","article-title":"The plasma levels of interleukin-12 in schizophrenia, major depression, and bipolar mania: effects of psychotropic drugs","volume":"7","author":"YK Kim","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0265240.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2017.01.021","article-title":"Peripheral inflammatory cytokines and immune balance in generalized anxiety disorder: a case-controlled study","volume":"62","author":"R Hou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0265240.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.2462","article-title":"Association of Depression With Risk of Incident Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in Women Assessed Across 2 Decades","volume":"75","author":"AL Roberts","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0265240.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2013.13010086","article-title":"A nationwide study on the risk of autoimmune diseases in individuals with a personal or a family history of schizophrenia and related psychosis","volume":"171","author":"ME Benros","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"23","key":"pone.0265240.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2388","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.7028","article-title":"Association of Stress-Related Disorders With Subsequent Autoimmune Disease","volume":"319","author":"H Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0265240.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-019-2357-1","article-title":"The association between autoimmune disease and 30-day mortality among sepsis ICU patients: a cohort study","volume":"23","author":"M Sheth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0265240.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115493","article-title":"Dysregulation of in vitro cytokine production by monocytes during sepsis","volume":"88","author":"C Munoz","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0265240.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.3.1394-1401.2001","article-title":"Alveolar macrophage deactivation in murine septic peritonitis: role of interleukin 10","volume":"69","author":"RC Reddy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0265240.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1385\/IR:24:3:273","article-title":"Sepsis-induced immunosuppression: from bad to worse","volume":"24","author":"RC Reddy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Immunol Res"},{"key":"pone.0265240.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P207","DOI":"10.1186\/cc2674","article-title":"Effect of interferon gamma on sepsis-related death in patients with immunoparalysis","volume":"8","author":"N Takeyama","year":"2004","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0265240.ref071","first-page":"67","article-title":"Interferon-gamma treatment increases HLA-DR expression on monocytes in severely injured patients","volume":"77","author":"MJ Hershman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0265240.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-005-2575-7","article-title":"High interleukin 12 and low interleukin 10 production after in vitro stimulation detected in sepsis survivors","volume":"31","author":"SA Stanilova","year":"2005","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0265240.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-015-4044-5","article-title":"Effects of psychotropic drugs on inflammation: consequence or mediator of therapeutic effects in psychiatric treatment?","volume":"233","author":"D Baumeister","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"issue":"478","key":"pone.0265240.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaau5266","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aau5266","article-title":"Modulation of the sigma-1 receptor-IRE1 pathway is beneficial in preclinical models of inflammation and sepsis","volume":"11","author":"DA Rosen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0265240.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e76941","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076941","article-title":"Sigma-1 receptor chaperone at the ER-mitochondrion interface mediates the mitochondrion-ER-nucleus signaling for cellular survival","volume":"8","author":"T Mori","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"18","key":"pone.0265240.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2013.183","article-title":"Toll-like receptor-mediated IRE1\u03b1 activation as a therapeutic target for inflammatory arthritis","volume":"32","author":"Q Qiu","year":"2013","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0265240.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-8-35","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory properties of desipramine and fluoxetine","volume":"8","author":"C Roumestan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0265240.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-020-01611-x","article-title":"Amitriptyline Reduces Sepsis-Induced Brain Damage Through TrkA Signaling Pathway","volume":"70","author":"L Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Mol Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0265240.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-019-01762-4","article-title":"Repositioning of the antipsychotic drug TFP for sepsis treatment","volume":"97","author":"JH Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Mol Med (Berl)"},{"key":"pone.0265240.ref080","volume-title":"Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) Statistical Briefs","author":"KC Heslin","year":"2015"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0265240.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-020-09793-8","article-title":"Schizophrenia Related Hospitalizations\u2014a Big Data Analysis of a National Hospitalization Database","volume":"92","author":"M Gon\u00e7alves-Pinho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatr Q"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0265240.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.15m10262","article-title":"High Rates of Psychiatric Comorbidity in Narcolepsy: Findings From the Burden of Narcolepsy Disease (BOND) Study of 9,312 Patients in the United States","volume":"78","author":"CM Ruoff","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0265240.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000000742","article-title":"Severe Sepsis Outcomes Among Hospitalizations With Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"47","author":"JF Colbert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Shock"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0265240.ref084","first-page":"8","article-title":"An exploration of critical care nurses\u2019 and doctors\u2019 attitudes towards psychiatric patients","volume":"15","author":"SR Bailey","year":"1998","journal-title":"Aust J Adv Nurs"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0265240.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1177\/0840470416679413","article-title":"Mental illness-related stigma in healthcare: Barriers to access and care and evidence-based solutions","volume":"30","author":"S Knaak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Healthc Manage Forum"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0265240","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]],"date-time":"2022-03-10T18:36:00Z","timestamp":1646937360000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0265240"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Robert","family":"Ehrman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0265240","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]]}}}