{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T20:34:35Z","timestamp":1793046875360,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]],"date-time":"2022-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647388800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diarrhoea is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world particularly in developing countries and among vulnerable groups of the population. Gram-negative enteric bacterial pathogens (GNEBPs) are a group of organisms that reside mainly in the intestine and induce diarrhoea. Antimicrobial agents are usually the part of their treatment regimen. The therapeutic effect of antimicrobials is hindered by the emergence and spread of drug-resistant strains. The information regarding the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance patterns of GNEBPs in Ethiopia is limited and found in a scattered form.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study was designed to determine the pooled prevalence and drug resistance patterns of GNEBPs by meta-analysis of data from diarrhoeic patients in Ethiopia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A comprehensive literature search was conducted through internet searches using Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, HINARI databases, and reference lists of previous studies. Published articles were included in the study based on priorly set inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results were presented in the forest plot, tables, and figures with a 95% confidence interval (CI). The inconsistency index (I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) test statistics was used to assess heterogeneity across studies. The pooled prevalence estimate of GNEBPs and their drug resistance patterns were computed by a random-effects model. Software for Statistics and Data Science (STATA) version 14 statistical software was used for the analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Result<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      After removing those articles which did not fulfil the inclusion criteria, 43 studies were included in the analysis. Studies were conducted in 8 regions of the country and most of the published articles were from the Amhara region (30.23%) followed by Oromia (18.60%) and Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples\u2019 region (SNNP) (18.60%). The pooled prevalence of GNEBPs was 15.81% (CI = 13.33\u201318.29). The funnel plot indicated the presence of publication bias. The pooled prevalence of GNEBPs in Addis Ababa, Amhara, SNNP, and Oromia regions were 20.08, 16.67, 12.12, and 11.61%, respectively. The pooled prevalence was 14.91, 18.03, and 13.46% among studies conducted from 2006\u20132010, 2011\u20132015, and 2016\u20132021, respectively and it was the highest (20.35%) in children having age less than or equal to 15 years. The pooled prevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp.,\n                      <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp., and\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                      were 19.79, 10.76, 6.24, and 5.06%, respectively. Large proportions (60\u201390%) of the isolates were resistant to ampicillin, amoxicillin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole. The pooled prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR) was 70.56% (CI = 64.56\u201376.77%) and MDR in\n                      <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp.,\n                      <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp.,\n                      <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                      . were 80.78, 79.08, 78.20, and 59.46%, respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The pooled estimate showed a high burden of GNEBPs infections and a high proportion of drug resistance characters to commonly used antimicrobial agents in Ethiopia. Therefore, performing drug susceptibility tests, establishing an antimicrobial surveillance system and confirmation by molecular techniques are needed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0265271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]],"date-time":"2022-03-16T13:39:55Z","timestamp":1647437995000},"page":"e0265271","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Prevalence and drug resistance patterns of Gram-negative enteric bacterial pathogens from diarrheic patients in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7308-0182","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Achenef Melaku","family":"Beyene","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mucheye","family":"Gezachew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Desalegn","family":"Mengesha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Yousef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baye","family":"Gelaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0265271.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28612","DOI":"10.17795\/ijep28612","article-title":"Treatment of acute diarrhoea: past and now.","volume":"3","author":"G Caramia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Enteric Pathog"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref002","author":"WHO","year":"2015","journal-title":"WHO estimates of the global burden of foodborne diseases: foodborne disease burden epidemiology reference group 2007\u20132015"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.3934\/publichealth.2020010","article-title":"Diarrheal disease and associated behavioural factors among food handlers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.","volume":"7","author":"AM Girmay","journal-title":"AIMS Public Heal., 202"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2017.03.006","article-title":"The burden and etiology of diarrheal illness in developing countries.","volume":"64","author":"KL Kotloff","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr. Clin North Am"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30362-1","article-title":"Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of diarrhoea in 195 countries: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016","volume":"18","author":"C Troeger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0199684","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0199684","article-title":"Prevalence and determinants of diarrhoea among under-five children in ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"13","author":"A Alebel","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e03690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e03690","article-title":"Childhood diarrhoeal diseases in developing countries.","volume":"6","author":"HU Ugboko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref008","volume-title":"Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg\u2019s Medical Microbiology","author":"GF Brooks","year":"2013","edition":"26"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref009","first-page":"30048","article-title":"The consequences of human actions on risks for infectious diseases: a Review.","volume":"5","author":"JF Lindahl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect Ecol Epidemiol"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1080\/03009734.2016.1195900","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance: A threat to the world\u2019s sustainable development","volume":"121","author":"D Jasovsk\u00fd","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ups J Med Sci"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref011","article-title":"Draft resolution submitted by the president of the general assembly political declaration of the high-level meeting of the general assembly on antimicrobial resistance, Seventy-first session agenda item 127 Global health.","author":"UN. United Nations general assembly","year":"2016"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref012","author":"J. O\u2019Neill","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrobial resistance: Tackling a crisis for the health and wealth of nations"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"023","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.906","article-title":"Multidrug resistant Salmonella concord is a major cause of salmonellosis in children in Ethiopia.","volume":"5","author":"G Beyene","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref014","first-page":"51","article-title":"Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Shigella in Ethiopia from 2000 to 2018: A critical review.","volume":"5","author":"SC Teferi","journal-title":"Chem Biomol Eng. 2020"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-021-01626-4","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 Statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"10","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"Syst Rev."},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref016","article-title":"The joanna briggs institute critical appraisal tools for use in jbi systematic reviews; Checklist for systematic reviews and research syntheses.","author":"JBI","year":"2017"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-8-79","article-title":"Undue reliance on I2 in assessing heterogeneity may mislead.","volume":"9","author":"G R\u00fccker","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref018","first-page":"29","article-title":"Meta-analysis in medical research","volume":"14","author":"A. Haidich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hippokratia"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-018-0402-5","article-title":"Resistance pattern and maternal knowledge, attitude and practices of suspected diarrheagenic Escherichia coli among children under 5 years of age in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study.","volume":"7","author":"YM Gebresilasie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob resist infect control"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/20503121211000911","article-title":"Salmonella and Shigella and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles among adult patients with complaints of diarrhea at Hawassa comprehensive specialized.","volume":"9","author":"K Abera","year":"2021","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref021","first-page":"203","article-title":"Enteropathogens in under-five children with diarrhea in health facilities of Debre Berhan Town, North Shoa, Ethiopia.","volume":"29","author":"T Zenebe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ethiop J Heal Sci."},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0243479","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0243479","article-title":"Prevalence of enteric pathogens, intestinal parasites and resistance profile of bacterial isolates among HIV infected and non-infected diarrheic patients in Dessie Town, Northeast.","volume":"15","author":"A Belay","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-020-1970-0","article-title":"Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella and Shigella species isolated from diarrheic children in Ambo town","volume":"20","author":"W Tosisa","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-018-1221-9","article-title":"Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Shigella and Salmonella among children aged below five years with diarrhoea attending Nigist Eleni Mohammed memorial hospital","volume":"18","author":"W Abebe","year":"2018","journal-title":"South Ethiopia. BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref025","first-page":"3","article-title":"Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Shigella species at Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia.","volume":"49","author":"GD Belew","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ethiop Med J"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.11648\/j.sjph.20140205.24","article-title":"Prevalence and Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Shigella and Salmonella species among patients with diarrhea attending Gondar town health institutions, Northwest Ethiopia.","volume":"2","author":"TA Demissie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci J Public Heal"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref027","first-page":"72","article-title":"Enteric Pathogens and associated risk factors among under-five children with and without diarrhea in Wegera district, northwestern Ethiopia.","volume":"29","author":"H Feleke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-0711-13-10","article-title":"Prevalence of intestinal parasite, Shigella and Salmonella species among diarrheal children in Jimma health center, Jimma southwest Ethiopia: A Cross Sectional Study","volume":"13","author":"G Beyene","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"001","DOI":"10.15580\/GJEPH.2015.1.120714400","article-title":"Prevalence of Shigella related diarrhea in Ambo town and antibiotic susceptibility of the isolated strains.","volume":"3","author":"S Kefyalew","year":"2015","journal-title":"Greener J Epidemiol Public Heal"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2020.100789","article-title":"Prevalence of enteric bacteria and enteroparasites in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals with diarrhoea attending antiretroviral treatment clinic, Arba Minch General Hospital, Southern.","volume":"38","author":"AA Ayele","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Microbes New Infect"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref031","first-page":"57","article-title":"Enteric pathogens and antimicrobial susceptibility profile among pediatric patients with diarrhea in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.","author":"Z Ayenew","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ethiop Med J"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-13-82","article-title":"Prevalence, associated risk factors and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Campylobacter Species among under five diarrheic children at Gondar university hospital, northwest Ethiopia","volume":"13","author":"A Lengerh","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.4314\/ejst.v8i1.3","article-title":"Prevalence and antibiogram of Shigella and Salmonella spp. from under-five children with acute diarrhea in Bahir Dar town.","volume":"8","author":"M Admassu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ethiop J Sci Technol"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref034","first-page":"15","article-title":"Isolation rate and drug resistance patterns of Shigella species among diarrheal patients attending at Hiwot Fana Hospital, Harar, Ethiopia.","volume":"7","author":"H Mekonnen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ethiop J Sci Technol"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.4314\/ejhs.v24i2.1","article-title":"Prevalence of Salmonella and Campylobacter species and their susceptibility patters among under five children with diarrhea","volume":"24","author":"M Getamesay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ethiop J Health Sci"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref036","first-page":"2278","article-title":"Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella species in diarrheal children under five-years in Bahir Dar.","volume":"3","author":"G Yemane","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Integr Sci Innov Technol"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/2050312119846041","article-title":"Salmonella and Shigella among patients with diarrhea at public health facilities in Adama, Ethiopia: Prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, and associated factors.","volume":"7","author":"B Teshome","year":"2019","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med."},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8834107","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8834107","article-title":"Prevalence, Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile, and associated risk factors of Salmonella isolate among diarrheal patients visiting Dessie referral hospital, Northeast Ethiopia","volume":"2020","author":"SC Teferi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Microbiol."},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v15i2.45","article-title":"Antibiogram of E. coli serotypes isolated from children aged under five with acute diarrhea in Bahir Dar town.","volume":"15","author":"A Adugna","year":"2015","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref040","first-page":"13","article-title":"Microbial aetiology of gastro-enteritis, antimicrobial resistance and associated factors among under-five children in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.","volume":"3","author":"S Fentaw","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ethiop J public Heal Nutr."},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s40794-019-0079-7","article-title":"Prevalence, associated risk factors and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Shigella infections among diarrheic pediatric population attending at Gondar town healthcare institutions, northwest Ethiopia.","volume":"5","author":"A Alemu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop Dis Travel Med. Vaccines:"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9214689","article-title":"Prevalence and antibiotics susceptibility pattern of Salmonella and Shigella species among diarrheal patients attending Nekemte referral hospital, Oromia, Ethiopia.","volume":"2018","author":"A Terfassa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref043","first-page":"1","article-title":"Isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Campylobacter species among diarrheic children at Jimma","author":"B Tafa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ethiopia. Int J Bacteriol."},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-018-0253-1","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, and associated factors of Salmonella and Shigella infections among under five children in Arba Minch, South Ethiopia","volume":"17","author":"G Ameya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4599-6","article-title":"Etiologies of diarrhea and drug susceptibility patterns of bacterial isolates among under-five year children in refugee camps in Gambella Region, Ethiopia: A case control study.","volume":"19","author":"GK Mekonnen","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-015-1606-x","article-title":"Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Shigella among acute diarrheal outpatients in Mekelle hospital.","volume":"8","author":"A Gebrekidan","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref047","first-page":"S2","article-title":"Microbial and biochemical technology prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Salmonella serovars and Shigella species.","author":"G Mengistu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microb Biochem Technol."},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref048","first-page":"134","article-title":"Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Salmonella and Shigella isolates in Harar, Eastern Ethiopia","volume":"3","author":"AA Reda","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Infect Dis Immun"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s40794-019-0096-6","article-title":"Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Salmonella and Shigella isolates among children aged below five years with diarrhea attending Robe general hospital and Goba referral hospital, South East.","volume":"5","author":"A. Assefa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccines"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref050","first-page":"197","article-title":"Isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Shigella and Salmonella species from children with acute diarrhoea in Mekelle hospital and Semen health center, Ethiopia.","volume":"28","author":"G Gebremichael","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ethiop J Sci."},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-4-472","article-title":"Intestinal parasitosis and shigellosis among diarrheal patients in Gondar teaching hospital, northwest Ethiopia.","volume":"4","author":"K Huruy","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/20503121211009729","article-title":"Magnitude, risk factors and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Shigella and Salmonella among children with diarrhea in southern Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study.","volume":"9","author":"M Hayamo","year":"2021","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med."},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-1235-y","article-title":"Non-typhoidal Salmonella serotypes, antimicrobial resistance and co-infection with parasites among patients with diarrhea and other gastrointestinal complaints in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.","volume":"15","author":"T Eguale","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref054","first-page":"1","article-title":"Aetiology of acute diarrhoea and antimicrobial usage among children aged under five years at health centres in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.","volume":"l0","author":"B Abera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trop Doct"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref055","article-title":"Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella and Shigella species isolated from outpatients, Jimma University specialized hospital, southwest Ethiopia","author":"T Lamboro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4172\/2327-5073.1000186","article-title":"Isolation and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Shigella and Salmonella among under 5 children with acute diarrhoea: A cross-sectional study at selected public health facilities in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.","volume":"04","author":"Y Mamuye","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Open Access"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-017-0288-7","article-title":"The common enteric bacterial pathogens and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern among HIV-infected individuals attending the antiretroviral therapy clinic of Hawassa University Hospital, Southern Ethiopia.","volume":"6","author":"A Kebede","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref058","first-page":"29","article-title":"Prevalence of childhood diarrhea and associated risk factors in Dire Dawa, Eastern Ethiopia.","volume":"26","author":"M Mekonnen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J of Public Heal From Theory to Pract"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref059","first-page":"6177741","article-title":"Eguale T. Nontyphoidal Salmonella and their antimicrobial susceptibility among diarrheic patients attending private hospitals in Addis Ababa","author":"R Kebede","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ethiopia. Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref060","first-page":"2044","article-title":"Prevalence of antibiotic resistant Salmonella isolates, Entermoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia in Harar, Eastern Ethiopia","volume":"8","author":"DA Adimasu","journal-title":"African J Microbiol Res"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e768","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000768","article-title":"Etiology of Diarrhea in older children, adolescents and adults: A systematic review.","volume":"4","author":"CL Walker","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-019-0566-7","article-title":"Prevalence of enteric bacteria and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns among food handlers in Gondar town, northwest.","volume":"8","author":"M Getie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist Infect Control"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-016-0038-1","article-title":"Prevalence, seasonal variation, and antibiotic resistance pattern of enteric bacterial pathogens among hospitalized diarrheic children in suburban regions of central Kenya","volume":"44","author":"M. Shah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trop Med Health"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007154","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007154","article-title":"Etiology and severity of diarrheal diseases in infants at the semiarid region of Brazil: A case- control study.","volume":"13","author":"AM Lima","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLos Negelected Trop Dis"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S289741","article-title":"Evidence of antibiotic resistance from population-based studies: A Narrative Review.","volume":"14","author":"E Giacomini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2504-8","article-title":"Spatial patterns of childhood diarrhea in ethiopia: data from ethiopian demographic and health surveys (2000, 2005 and 2011).","volume":"17","author":"GG Bogale","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis."},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001923","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001923","article-title":"World Health Organization global estimates and regional comparisons of the burden of foodborne disease in 2010.","volume":"12","author":"AH Havelaar","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8844294","article-title":"Prevalence of Escherichia coli in under-five children with diarrhea in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2020","author":"T Zenebe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268820000618","article-title":"Enteric pathogens associated with gastroenteritis among children under 5 years in Sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and met-analysis","volume":"148","author":"B Oppong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0120275","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120275","article-title":"Enteric Bacterial pathogens in children with diarrhea in niger: diversity and antimicrobial resistance.","volume":"10","author":"C Langendorf","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e568","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30076-2","article-title":"The incidence, aetiology, and adverse clinical consequences of less severe diarrhoeal episodes among infants and children residing in low-income and middle-income countries: a 12-month case-control study as a follow-on to the global enteric multicenter study","volume":"7","author":"KL Kotloff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Heal"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref072","first-page":"654","article-title":"Campylobacter enteritis among children in Dembia District, Northwest","volume":"77","author":"GM Kassie","year":"2000","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1080\/02724936.1996.11747828","article-title":"Campylobacter enteritis among children in north-west ethiopia a one-year prospective study.","volume":"16","author":"E. Gedlu","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann Trop Paediatr"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9","DOI":"10.4081\/jphr.2013.e9","article-title":"Prevalence of gastrointestinal pathogens in developed and developing countries: Systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"2","author":"SM Fletcher","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Public Health Res"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-019-0321-1","article-title":"Prevalence of Shigella species and its drug resistance pattern in ethiopia: a systematic review and meta\u2011analysis","volume":"1","author":"S Hussen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref076","first-page":"43","article-title":"Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance patterns of salmonella isolates in human stools and animal origin foods in Ethiopia: A Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"D Abate","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Health Sci"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.2147\/DHPS.S256330","article-title":"Evaluation of antibiotic utilization pattern during acute diarrheal disease at chefa-robit health.","volume":"12","author":"D Misganaw","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Healthc Patient Saf"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2014.02.004","article-title":"The growing challenges of antibacterial drug resistance in Ethiopia.","volume":"2","author":"F Moges","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Glob Antimicrob Resist"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2489063","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2489063","article-title":"Antibiotic use and resistance pattern in Ethiopia: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2019","author":"OA Muhie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/2050-6511-15-51","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the proportion of antimicrobial resistant human Salmonella isolates in Ethiopia","volume":"15","author":"G. Tadesse","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2020.1719701","article-title":"Prevalence of fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella serotypes in Iran: A meta-analysis.","volume":"114","author":"F Khademi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathog Glob Health"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S201324","article-title":"Prevalence of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli strains simultaneously isolated from humans, animals, food, and the environment: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"12","author":"A Pormohammad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref083","first-page":"4536905","article-title":"Drug resistance patterns of Escherichia coli in Ethiopia: A meta-analysis","volume":"2018","author":"KB Tuem","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4236\/ojmm.2017.71001","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance in Campylobacter isolated from patients with gastroenteritis in a teaching hospital in Ghana","volume":"7","author":"AB Karikari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.017","article-title":"Prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"T. Alemayehu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Glob Antimicrob Resist"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1515\/labmed-2020-0124","article-title":"Bacterial profile and multi-drug resistance pattern of bacterial isolates among septicemia suspected cases: A meta-analysis report in Ethiopia.","volume":"45","author":"M Abayneh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Lab Med"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.18203\/2394-6040.ijcmph20190170","article-title":"Multidrug resistant, extensively drug resistant and pan drug resistant gram negative bacteria at a tertiary care centre in Bhubaneswar.","volume":"6","author":"D Pattnaik","journal-title":"Int J Community Med Public Heal"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.13005\/bpj\/1565","article-title":"Prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance in multidrug-resistant gram negative bacilli in Egypt.","volume":"11","author":"MA Elsalam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacol J"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref089","first-page":"677","article-title":"Prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria isolated from patients with burn infection.","volume":"28","author":"NA Melake","year":"2015","journal-title":"Menoufia Med J."},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2017.0141","article-title":"High prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria in Libyan war casualties admitted to a tertiary care hospital, Germany Microbial Drug Resistance","volume":"24","author":"B Lohr","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb Drug Resist"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3126\/njb.v3i1.14232","article-title":"Prevalence of Multidrug resistant bacteria in causing community acquired urinary tract infection among the patients attending outpatient department of Seti zonal hospital, Dhangadi, Nepal","volume":"3","author":"TR Awasthi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nepal J Biotechnol"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dku077","article-title":"Prevalence of multidrug-resistant organisms and risk factors for carriage in long-term care facilities: a nested case\u2013control study","volume":"69","author":"CJ Lim","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012077","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/125\/1\/012077","article-title":"Drug-resistant bacteria in children hospitalized at Dr. Hasan Sadikin general hospital Bandung Indonesia.","volume":"125","author":"R. Adrizain","year":"2018","journal-title":"IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2017.01.022","article-title":"Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria Among Nursing Home Residents- A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","volume":"45","author":"A Sainfer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9060324","article-title":"Prevalence of multi-resistant microorganisms and antibiotic stewardship among hospitalized patients living in residential care homes in Spain.","volume":"9","author":"M Rivera-izquierdo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1086\/522678","article-title":"Epidemiology of multidrug-resistant bacteria in patients with long hospital stays infection control and hospital epidemiology Cambridge Core.","volume":"28","author":"C Buke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref097","first-page":"9229485","article-title":"Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter species in diarrheal patients in Mymensingh","volume":"2021","author":"A Rahman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bangladesh. Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-05788-3","article-title":"Multiple drug resistance of Campylobacter jejuni and Shigella isolated from diarrhoeic children at Kapsabet County referral hospital, Kenya.","volume":"21","author":"OH Zachariah","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis."},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133362","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-92819-3","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for faecal carriage of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli among slaughterhouse workers.","volume":"11","author":"MK Aworh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670470","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.670470","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance analysis of clinical Escherichia coli isolates in neonatal ward.","volume":"9","author":"D Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref101","first-page":"1692","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant phenotypes of Escherichia coli isolates.","volume":"11","author":"A Su\u00e1rez-P\u00e9rez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim Artic"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815272","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2020.1815272","article-title":"Prevalence of multidrug, extensive drug, and pandrug-resistant commensal Escherichia coli isolated from healthy humans in community settings in low and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"12","author":"NA Nkansa-gyamfi","journal-title":"glob health action"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S203654","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant Shigella infection in pediatric patients with diarrhea from central Iran.","volume":"12","author":"E Abbasi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e82601","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0082601","article-title":"Changing trends in the prevalence of Shigella species: Emergence of multi-drug resistant Shigella sonnei biotype\u2014in Bangladesh.","volume":"8","author":"AI Ud-din","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref105","first-page":"6630272","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant shigellosis among children aged below five years with diarrhea at Banadir hospital in Mogadishu, Somalia","volume":"2021","author":"B Sheikh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00985","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance in Salmonella Typhimurium isolates recovered from the food chain through national antimicrobial resistance monitoring system between 1996 and 2016.","volume":"10","author":"X Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Microbiol."},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref107","first-page":"1","article-title":"Identification of drug-resistant Salmonella from food handlers at the University of Gondar, Ethiopia.","volume":"7","author":"L Garedew","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1067","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.1067","article-title":"Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella in poultry farms and in-contact humans in Adama and Modjo Towns, Ethiopia.","volume":"9","author":"B Dagnew","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbiologyopen"},{"key":"pone.0265271.ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/2050312119837854","article-title":"Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi among febrile patients at Karamara Hospital, Jigjiga, Eastern Ethiopia.","volume":"7","author":"D Admassu","year":"2019","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0265271","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]],"date-time":"2022-03-16T13:42:14Z","timestamp":1647438134000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0265271"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Simon","family":"Clegg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]]},"references-count":109,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0265271","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.32388\/47R8Q2","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]]}}}