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Based on the macromorphology of the bony changes indicative of Hansen\u2019s disease,<jats:bold>KD271<\/jats:bold>(a middle-aged male) and<jats:bold>KD520<\/jats:bold>(a middle-aged female) represent the two extremes of leprosy.<jats:bold>KD271<\/jats:bold>appears to have an advanced-stage, long-standing near-lepromatous or lepromatous form of the disease, affecting not only the rhinomaxillary region but also both upper and lower limbs. This has led to severe deformation and disfigurement of the involved anatomical areas of the skeleton, resulting in his inability to perform the basic activities of daily living, such as eating, drinking, grasping, standing or walking. The skeleton of<jats:bold>KD520<\/jats:bold>shows no rhinomaxillary lesions and indicates the other extreme of leprosy, a near-tuberculoid or tuberculoid form of the disease. As in<jats:bold>KD271<\/jats:bold>, Hansen\u2019s disease has resulted in disfigurement and disability of both of the lower limbs of<jats:bold>KD520<\/jats:bold>; and thus, the middle-aged female would have experienced difficulties in standing, walking, and conducting occupational physical activities.<jats:bold>KD271<\/jats:bold>and<jats:bold>KD520<\/jats:bold>are amongst the very few published cases with leprosy from the Avar Age of the Hungarian Duna-Tisza Interfluve, and the only examples with detailed macromorphological description and differential diagnoses of the observed leprous bony changes. The cases of these two severely disabled individuals, especially of<jats:bold>KD271<\/jats:bold>\u2013who would have required regular and substantial care from others to survive\u2013imply that in the Avar Age community of Kiskundorozsma\u2013Daruhalom-d\u0171l\u0151 II there was a willingness to care for people in need.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0265416","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]],"date-time":"2022-06-23T17:40:48Z","timestamp":1656006048000},"page":"e0265416","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The two extremes of Hansen\u2019s disease\u2014Different manifestations of leprosy and their biological consequences in an Avar Age (late 7th century CE) osteoarchaeological series of the Duna-Tisza Interfluve (Kiskundorozsma\u2013Daruhalom-d\u0171l\u0151 II, Hungary)"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0350-1906","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Olga","family":"Spekker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bal\u00e1zs","family":"Tihanyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Kis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Orsolya Anna","family":"V\u00e1radi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen D.","family":"Donoghue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David E.","family":"Minnikin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Csaba","family":"Szalontai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tivadar","family":"Vida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gy\u00f6rgy","family":"P\u00e1lfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nia","family":"Marcsik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"Moln\u00e1r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0265416.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1111\/ddg.13301","article-title":"Leprosy\u2013An overview of clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"15","author":"M. 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