{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T05:35:13Z","timestamp":1791264913125,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,23]],"date-time":"2022-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647993600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010731","name":"Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["043\/2564"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["043\/2564"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Dry eye disease (DED) is one of the most common ophthalmological disorders, resulting from several systemic and ocular etiologies including meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). During the COVID-19 pandemic, medical students are among the high-risk group for DED, mainly due to the increasing use of a visual display terminal (VDT) for online lectures and psychological stress from encountering several changes. Our study aimed to explore the prevalence of DED using the symptom-based definition and potential risk factors in medical students. This is a prospective cross-sectional study that included medical students at Chiang Mai University between November 2020 and January 2021. All participants were assessed using the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire, the Thai version of the 10-Item Perceived Stress Scale-10 (T-PSS-10), the LipiView\u00ae II interferometer, and an interview for other possible risk factors. Overall, 528 participants were included in the study; half of the participants were female. The prevalence of DED was 70.8%. In the univariate analysis, female sex, contact lens wear, and T-PSS-10 stress scores were significantly higher in the DED group (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.002, 0.002, and &lt;0.001, respectively). Moreover, participants with severe DED were likely to have higher meibomian gland tortuosity but not statistically significant. In the multivariate analysis, contact lens use and T-PSS-10 score were significant risk factors associated with the severity of DED. In conclusions, the prevalence of DED in medical students was as high as 70.8%. Contact lens use and psychological stress evaluated using the T-PSS-10 questionnaire had a significant correlation with a risk of DED. Female gender and duration of VDT use were also associated. Most of the risk factors were modifiable and may be used as initial management in patients with DED.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0265733","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,23]],"date-time":"2022-03-23T13:41:21Z","timestamp":1648042881000},"page":"e0265733","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Prevalence of symptomatic dry eye disease with associated risk factors among medical students at Chiang Mai University due to increased screen time and stress during COVID-19 pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2254-2532","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chulaluck","family":"Tangmonkongvoragul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susama","family":"Chokesuwattanaskul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chetupon","family":"Khankaeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruethairat","family":"Punyasevee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lapat","family":"Nakkara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suttipat","family":"Moolsan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Onpreeya","family":"Unruan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0265733.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.008","article-title":"TFOS DEWS II Definition and Classification Report","volume":"15","author":"JP Craig","year":"2017","journal-title":"The ocular surface"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0265733.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.02.037","article-title":"Comparison of Two Questionnaires for Dry Eye Symptom Assessment: The Ocular Surface Disease Index and the Symptom Assessment in Dry Eye","volume":"122","author":"F Amparo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0265733.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2006.11.060","article-title":"Impact of dry eye syndrome on vision-related quality of life","volume":"143","author":"B Miljanovi\u0107","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0265733.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.06.022","article-title":"Prevalence of dry eye disease among Japanese visual display terminal users","volume":"115","author":"M Uchino","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0265733.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.003","article-title":"TFOS DEWS II Epidemiology Report","volume":"15","author":"F Stapleton","year":"2017","journal-title":"The ocular surface."},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0265733.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ico.0000244875.92879.1a","article-title":"Prevalence of dry eye in Bangkok","volume":"25","author":"K Lekhanont","year":"2006","journal-title":"Thailand. 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