{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T14:18:21Z","timestamp":1783779501817,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]],"date-time":"2022-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649203200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The British colony of South Australia, established in 1836, offered a fresh start to migrants hoping for a better life. A cohort of settlers buried in a section of St Mary\u2019s Anglican Church Cemetery (1847\u20131927) allocated for government funded burials was investigated to determine their health, with a focus on skeletal manifestations associated with metabolic deficiencies. Findings of St Mary\u2019s sample were compared with those published for contemporary skeletal samples from two British cemeteries, St Martin\u2019s, Birmingham, and St Peter\u2019s, Wolverhampton, to explore similarities and differences. To investigate the changing economic background of the St Mary\u2019s cohort, which may have influenced the location of their burial within the cemetery, the number and demographic profile of government funded burials and those in privately funded leased plots were compared. The study sample consisted of the skeletal remains of 65 individuals (20 adults, 45 subadults) from St Mary\u2019s Cemetery \u2018free ground\u2019 section. The bones and teeth of individuals in this cohort showed evidence of pathological manifestations, including areas of abnormal porosity in bone cortices in 9 adults and 12 subadults and flaring of metaphyses (one subadult) and costochondral junctions of the ribs (one subadult). Porous lesions of orbital roof bones (Types 3 to 4) were seen on three subadults. Macroscopic examination of teeth identified enamel hypoplastic defects and micro-CT scans showed areas of interglobular dentine. Comparison of St Mary\u2019s findings with the British samples revealed that prevalences of manifestations associated with vitamin C deficiency were higher at St Mary\u2019s and manifestations associated with vitamin D deficiency were lower respectively. The location of burial pattern at St Mary\u2019s Cemetery, from the mid-1840s to1860s, showed differences in the economic status of migrants. This pattern changed from the 1870s, which reflected improvements in the local economy and the economic recovery of the colony.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0265878","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]],"date-time":"2022-04-06T13:33:52Z","timestamp":1649252032000},"page":"e0265878","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Health effects of European colonization: An investigation of skeletal remains from 19th to early 20th century migrant settlers in South Australia"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9097-9130","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Angela","family":"Gurr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaliya","family":"Kumaratilake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan Henry","family":"Brook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stella","family":"Ioannou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0238-0217","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"F. Donald","family":"Pate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"Henneberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0265878.ref001","volume-title":"Demographic, and Social Consequences of Living in Cities","author":"TK Betsinger","year":"2020","edition":"1"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0265878.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.2307\/2137377","article-title":"Economic Growth, Disruption, Deprivation, Disease, and Death: On the Importance of the Politics of Public Health for Development","volume":"23","author":"S. Szreter","year":"1997","journal-title":"Population and Development Review"},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1515\/9781580466462-008","volume-title":"Health and Wealth","author":"S Szreter","year":"2005"},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref004","volume-title":"The industrial revolution the State, knowledge and global trade","author":"WJ Ashworth","year":"2017"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0265878.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(77)90091-9","article-title":"London air pollution, 1500\u20131900","volume":"11","author":"P. Brimblecombe","year":"1977","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment (1967)"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0265878.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.3109\/03014460.2015.1020873","article-title":"Wealth, health and frailty in industrial-era London","volume":"43","author":"SN Dewitte","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annals of Human Biology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0265878.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1002\/oa.2531","article-title":"Dedicated Followers of Fashion? Bioarchaeological Perspectives on Socio-Economic Status, Inequality, and Health in Urban Children from the Industrial Revolution (18th\u201319th C), England","volume":"27","author":"SL Newman","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Osteoarchaeology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0265878.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1386\/corn.16.1.48_1","article-title":"From Cornish Miner to Farmer in Nineteenth-Century South Australia: A Case Study","volume":"16","author":"J. Lokan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cornish studies"},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref009","volume-title":"Cornish Emigration in Response to Changes in the International Copper Market in 1860s","author":"P. Payton","year":"1995"},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref010","volume-title":"Cornwall in the age of the Industrial Revolution","author":"J. Rowe","year":"1953"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0265878.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007087420000199","article-title":"Cultivating famine: data, experimentation and food security, 1795\u20131848","volume":"53","author":"J. Lidwell-Durnin","year":"2020","journal-title":"The British journal for the history of science"},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref012","volume-title":"The foundation and settlement of South Australia, 1829\u20131945: a study of the colonization movement, based on the records of the South Australian Government and on other authoritative documents","author":"AG Price","year":"1973"},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref013","volume-title":"South Australia, its advantages and its resources: being a description of that colony, and a manual of information for emigrants \/ by George Blakiston Wilkinson","author":"GB Wilkinson","year":"1848"},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref014","article-title":"The South Australian social experiment 1836\u201371: a study of some of the aspects of South Australia\u2019s early social development","author":"C. Nance","year":"1977","journal-title":"Adelaide Flinders University of South Australia"},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref015","volume-title":"The working man\u2019s handbook to South Australia, with advice to the farmer, and detailed information for the several class of labourers and artisans","author":"GB Wilkinson","year":"1849"},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-25704-1","volume-title":"Emigration and the labouring poor: Australian recruitment in Britain and Ireland, 1831\u201360","author":"R Haines","year":"1997"},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref017","volume-title":"Nineteenth century government assisted immigrants from the United Kingdom to Australia: schemes, regulations and arrivals, 1831\u20131900 and some vital statistics 1834\u20131860","author":"R. Haines","year":"1995"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0265878.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1179\/0079423615Z.00000000073","article-title":"Cornish tin-streamers and the Australian gold rush: technology transfer in alluvial mining","volume":"49","author":"S Lawrence","year":"2015","journal-title":"Post-medieval archaeology"},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref019","volume-title":"Paradise of dissent: South Australia 1829\u20131857 \/ Douglas Pike","author":"D. Pike","year":"1967","edition":"2"},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref020","volume-title":"Life and death in the age of sail: the passage to Australia","author":"R Haines","year":"2003"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0265878.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/40111403","article-title":"Medical Superintendence and Child Health on Government-Assisted Voyages to South Australia in the Nineteenth Century","volume":"3","author":"R. Haines","year":"2001","journal-title":"Health and History"},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref022","volume-title":"Under the Burning Sun: A history of colonial South Australia, 1836\u20131900","author":"RM Gibbs","year":"2013"},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref023","volume-title":"Rations, residence, resources: a history of social welfare in South Australia since 1836, with contributions from Elaine Martin and Rod Oxenberry","author":"B Dickey","year":"1986"},{"issue":"99","key":"pone.0265878.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1080\/10314619208595908","article-title":"Paupers\u2019 rights: Governor Grey and the poor law in South Australia","volume":"25","author":"R. Dare","year":"1992","journal-title":"Australian historical studies"},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref025","volume-title":"Political history","author":"D. Jaensch","year":"1986"},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref026","unstructured":"Government of South Australia State Records. Alphabetical index to return of sick and destitute emigrants who have received relief from the emigration department 1993 [cited 2021 25.01]. https:\/\/archives.sa.gov.au\/finding-information\/discover-our-collection\/health-and-welfare\/destitution-south-australia."},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref027","unstructured":"Attorney-General\u2019s Department. South Australian Legislation: As made Acts 1837\u20132002: 1841\u20131850: 1843. [Webpage] 2022 [cited 2022 10 February]; https:\/\/www.legislation.sa.gov.au\/lists-and-index-to-sa-legislation\/historical-numbered-acts-1837-2002."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0265878.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009597226492","article-title":"\u201cAn Irregular and Inconvenient Pile of Buildings\u201d: The Destitute Asylum of Adelaide, South Australia and the English Workhouse","volume":"5","author":"S. Piddock","year":"2001","journal-title":"International Journal of Historical Archaeology"},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-73386-9_1","volume-title":"A Space of Their Own: The Archaeology of Nineteenth Century Lunatic Asylums in Britain, South Australia and Tasmania","author":"S. Piddock","year":"2007"},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref030","volume-title":"Behind the wall: the women of the destitute asylum Adelaide, 1852\u20131918","author":"M. Geyer","year":"1994"},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref031","unstructured":"The Adelaide Observer. Prevention of Infection from Typhus Fever. The Adelaide Observer. 1845 18.01.1845 (col. 2)."},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref032","unstructured":"The South Australia Register. Pollution of the Torrens. The South Australian Register. 1873 16.12.1874."},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref033","unstructured":"The South Australia Register. Drinking Typhoid. The South Australian Register. 1898 17.02.1898;Sect. Register."},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref034","unstructured":"The South Australian Register. Summer Cholera-Its Causes. The South Australian Register,. 1847 10.02.1847;Sect. Medicine and Surgery."},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref035","volume-title":"Two million South Australians","author":"P. Woodruff","year":"1984"},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref036","volume-title":"From Colonial Surgeon to Health Commission: the government provision of health services in South Australia, 1836\u20131995","author":"ILD Forbes","year":"1996"},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref037","unstructured":"Manning GH. A colonial experience, 1838\u20131910: a woman\u2019s story of life in Adelaide, the District of Kensington and Norwood together with reminiscences of colonial life \/ Underdale, S. Aust.: Gillingham Printers; 2001."},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119151647.ch12","volume-title":"Biological Anthropology of the Human Skeleton","author":"CA Roberts","year":"2018","edition":"3"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0265878.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22968","article-title":"More than metabolic: Considering the broader paleoepidemiological impact of vitamin D deficiency in bioarchaeology","volume":"160","author":"AME Snoddy","year":"2016","journal-title":"American journal of physical anthropology"},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2017.11.005","article-title":"Vitamin D\u2019s role in health and disease: How does the present inform our understanding of the past?","volume":"23","author":"L Lockau","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Paleopathology"},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511894916","volume-title":"Tooth Development in Human Evolution and Bioarchaeology","author":"S. Hillson","year":"2014"},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref042","volume-title":"Ten Cate\u2019s Oral Histology: Development, Structure, and Function","author":"A. Nanci","year":"2012"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0265878.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(199903)108:3<321::AID-AJPA7>3.0.CO;2-7","article-title":"Probable evidence of scurvy in subadults from archeological sites in Peru","volume":"108","author":"DJ Ortner","year":"1999","journal-title":"American Journal of Physical Anthropology"},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-101020-4.00002-1","volume-title":"The Bioarchaeology of Metabolic Bone Disease","author":"MB Brickley","year":"2020"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0265878.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20265","article-title":"Skeletal manifestations of infantile scurvy","volume":"129","author":"M Brickley","year":"2006","journal-title":"American Journal of Physical Anthropology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0265878.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1212(199801\/02)8:1<45::AID-OA405>3.0.CO;2-D","article-title":"Dry bone manifestations of rickets in infancy and early childhood","volume":"8","author":"DJ Ortner","year":"1998","journal-title":"International Journal of Osteoarchaeology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0265878.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1212(199705)7:3<212::AID-OA346>3.0.CO;2-5","article-title":"Bone changes in the human skull probably resulting from scurvy in infancy and childhood","volume":"7","author":"DJ Ortner","year":"1997","journal-title":"International Journal of Osteoarchaeology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0265878.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1177\/0004563218759371","article-title":"The bone remodelling cycle","volume":"55","author":"JS Kenkre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annals of Clinical Biochemistry"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0265878.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23701","article-title":"Cribra orbitalia and porotic hyperostosis: A biological approach to diagnosis","volume":"167","author":"M. Brickley","year":"2018","journal-title":"American journal of physical anthropology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0265878.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1943.sp004038","article-title":"Some experiments on the possible relationship between vitamin C and calcification","volume":"102","author":"GH Bourne","year":"1943","journal-title":"The Journal of physiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0265878.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23699","article-title":"Macroscopic features of scurvy in human skeletal remains: A literature synthesis and diagnostic guide","volume":"167","author":"AME Snoddy","year":"2018","journal-title":"American journal of physical anthropology"},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1177\/095952878306600112","article-title":"On Cases Described as \"Acute Rickets,\" which are probably a combination of Scurvy and Rickets, the Scurvy being an essential, and the rickets a variable, element","volume":"66","author":"T. Barlow","year":"1883","journal-title":"Medico-chirurgical transactions"},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2014.01.005","article-title":"A proposed framework for the study of paleopathological cases of subadult scurvy","volume":"5","author":"RJ Stark","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Paleopathology"},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1038\/194555a0","article-title":"Function of ascorbic acid in the conversion of proline to collagen hydroxyproline","volume":"194","author":"N Stone","year":"1962","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0265878.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0312-5","article-title":"New aspects of vitamin D metabolism and action\u2014addressing the skin as source and target","volume":"16","author":"D Bikle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature reviews Endocrinology"},{"issue":"18","key":"pone.0265878.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1934.02750180075026","article-title":"Diet and the Teeth: An Experimental Study. Part III. The Effect of Diet on Dental Structure and Disease in Man","volume":"102","author":"M Mellanby","year":"1934","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23258","article-title":"New evidence suggesting a dissociated etiology for cribra orbitalia and porotic hyperostosis","volume":"164","author":"F Rivera","year":"2017","journal-title":"American Journal of Anthropology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0265878.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10321","article-title":"Is cribra orbitalia synonymous with anemia? Analysis and interpretation of cranial pathology in Sudan","volume":"123","author":"U Wapler","year":"2004","journal-title":"American Journal of Physical Anthropology"},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref059","first-page":"101","volume-title":"Health in Past Societies: Biocultural Interpretations of Human Skeletal Remains in Archaeological Contexts","author":"P. Stuart-Macadam","year":"1991"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0265878.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21031","article-title":"The causes of porotic hyperostosis and cribra orbitalia: A reappraisal of the iron- deficiency- anemia hypothesis","volume":"139","author":"PL Walker","year":"2009","journal-title":"American Journal of Physical Anthropology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0265878.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1537\/ase.100302","article-title":"Porotic hyperostosis and cribra orbitalia: the erythropoietic response to iron-deficiency anaemia","volume":"118","author":"MF Oxenham","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anthropological Science"},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1401038","author":"C. Camaschella","year":"2015","journal-title":"Iron-Deficiency Anemia, in N. Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref063","article-title":"An epidemiological approach to the analysis of cribra orbitalia as an indicator of health status and mortality in medieval and post-medieval London under a model of parasitic infection","author":"K Godde","year":"2021","journal-title":"American journal of physical anthropology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0265878.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.38.1.120","article-title":"Use of whole gut perfusion to investigate gastrointestinal blood loss in patients with iron deficiency anaemia","volume":"38","author":"A Ferguson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(62)80354-0","article-title":"Bahima disease: Possible \"milk anemia\" in late childhood","volume":"61","author":"DB Jelliffe","year":"1962","journal-title":"The Journal of pediatrics"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0265878.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra041809","article-title":"Anemia of Chronic Disease","volume":"352","author":"G Weiss","year":"2005","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref067","article-title":"Cribra orbitalia and porotic hyperostosis are associated with respiratory infections in a contemporary mortality sample from New Mexico","author":"L O\u2019Donnell","year":"2020","journal-title":"American journal of physical anthropology"},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref068","volume-title":"Principles of Anatomy and Oral Anatomy for Dental Students","author":"ME Atkinson","year":"1992"},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref069","volume-title":"The London atlas: developing an atlas of tooth development and testing its quality and performance measures","author":"S. AlQahtani","year":"2012"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0265878.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21258","article-title":"Brief communication: The London atlas of human tooth development and eruption","volume":"142","author":"SJ AlQahtani","year":"2010","journal-title":"American Journal of Physical Anthropology"},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref071","volume-title":"St Mary\u2019s: A Pioneer Walk Through the Churchyard of St Mary\u2019s South Road","author":"J. Davies","year":"1991"},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref072","volume-title":"St Mary\u2019s Walk: A Historical and Social Perspective of a Significant but Little-known Suburb of Adelaide","author":"M Somerset","year":"2009"},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref073","volume-title":"The Bioarchaeology of the St. Mary\u2019s Free Ground Burials: Reconstruction of colonial South Australian lifeways","author":"TJ Anson","year":"2004"},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref074","volume-title":"At the end of the road: government, society and the disposal of human remains in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries","author":"R. Nicol","year":"1994"},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref075","unstructured":"City of Marion Council. About Council\/ Maps: City of Marion Council; 2020 [cited 2020 1 July]. https:\/\/www.marion.sa.gov.au\/about-council\/maps."},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref076","unstructured":"Buikstra JE, Ubelaker DH, Haas J, Aftandilian D, Field Museum of Natural History. Standards for data collection from human skeletal remains: proceedings of a seminar at the Field Museum of Natural History, organized by Jonathan Haas \/ volume editors, Jane E. Buikstra and Douglas H. Ubelaker, assistant editor, David Aftandilian; contributions by D. Aftandilian\u2026 [et al.]. Fayetteville, Ark.: Fayetteville, Ark.: Arkansas Archeological Survey; 1994."},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref077","volume-title":"Human skeletal remains: excavation, analysis, interpretation","author":"DH Ubelaker","year":"1989","edition":"2"},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref078","volume-title":"Juvenile Osteology: A Laboratory and Field Manual","author":"L Scheuer","year":"2008"},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02437238","article-title":"Skeletal age determination based on the os pubis: A comparison of the Acs\u00e1di-Nemesk\u00e9ri and Suchey-Brooks methods","volume":"5","author":"S Brooks","year":"1990","journal-title":"Human evolution"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0265878.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330680103","article-title":"Chronological metamorphosis of the auricular surface of the ilium: A new method for the determination of adult skeletal age at death","volume":"68","author":"CO Lovejoy","year":"1985","journal-title":"American Journal of Physical Anthropology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0265878.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330040102","article-title":"Age changes in the pubic bone","volume":"4","author":"TW Todd","year":"1921","journal-title":"American journal of physical anthropology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0265878.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1950.0132","article-title":"Age Determination on Teeth","volume":"41","author":"AG Gustafson","year":"1950","journal-title":"Journal of the American Dental Assocation"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0265878.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.3109\/03014460.2015.1046926","article-title":"The (mis)use of adult age estimates in osteology","volume":"42","author":"J Buckberry","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annals of human biology"},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref084","volume-title":"Human Osteology: a laboratory and field manual (4th ed.)","author":"WM Bass","year":"1995"},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref085","unstructured":"Mitchell PD, Brickley M. Updated Guidelines for the Standards for Recording Human Remains. Southampton: British Association for Biological Anthropology and Osteology & Institute of Field Archaeologists; 2017."},{"issue":"23\u201324","key":"pone.0265878.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1007\/s10337-013-2546-z","article-title":"A Companion to Paleopathology","volume":"76","author":"C Heron","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chromatographia"},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref087","unstructured":"Brook A. Research contributions to paediatric dentistry in the areas of dental development, orofacial pathology, prevention, education and patient management 2014."},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref088","first-page":"59","volume-title":"Dental Morphology","author":"AH Brook","year":"2001"},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0722.2006.00294.x","article-title":"The new enamel defects index: testing and expansion","volume":"114","author":"C Elcock","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Oral Sci"},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref090","unstructured":"Bruker. Products: http:\/\/bruker-microct.com\/products\/downloads.htm. 2018. http:\/\/bruker-microct.com\/products\/downloads.htm."},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref091","unstructured":"ThermoFisher Scientific. 3D Visulaization & Analysis Software: Amiro-Avizo 2019. https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/au\/en\/home\/industrial\/electron-microscopy\/electron-microscopy-instruments-workflow-solutions\/3d-visualization-analysis-software.html."},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref092","first-page":"390","article-title":"Micro-computed tomography of teeth as an alternative way to detect and analyse vitamin D deficiency","volume":"23","author":"A Colombo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports"},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref093","first-page":"1","article-title":"Micro-CT assessment of dental mineralization defects indicative of vitamin D deficiency in two 17th-19th century Dutch communities","author":"B Veselka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref094","volume-title":"St. Martin\u2019s Uncovered: Investigations in the churchyard of St. Martin\u2019s-in- the- Bull Ring, Birmingham, 2001","author":"M Brickley","year":"2006"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0265878.ref095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20292","article-title":"Skeletal manifestations of rickets in infants and young children in a historic population from England","volume":"129","author":"S Mays","year":"2006","journal-title":"American Journal of Physical Anthropology"},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.30861\/9781407301235","volume-title":"\u201cOut of the darkness, cometh light\u2019 Life and Death in Nineteenth-Century Wolverhampton:Excavation of the overflow burial ground of St Peter\u2019s Collegiate Church, Wolverhampton 2001\u20132002","author":"J Adams","year":"2007"},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref097","first-page":"39","volume-title":"\u2018Out of darkness cometh light\u2019 Life and death in Nineteenth-Century Wolverhampton Excavation of the overflow buril ground of St Peter\u2019s Collegiate Church, Wolverhampton 2001\u20132002","author":"I Arabaolaza","year":"2007"},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/103842","article-title":"Diagnosis of Mercurial Teeth in a Possible Case of Congenital Syphilis and Tuberculosis in a 19th Century Child Skeleton","volume":"2015","author":"S Ioannou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Anthropology (2010)"},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref099","unstructured":"South Australian Register. The Heat Wave: Heavy Mortality. The South Australian Register. 1897 31st December 1897 (col. 5)."},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref100","article-title":"Living and dying on the edge of the Empire: a bioarchaeological examination of Otago\u2019s early European settlers","author":"HR Buckley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand"},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref101","unstructured":"South Australian Government. State Records: Registration of Life Events. 2021 [cited 2021 31.03]. https:\/\/archives.sa.gov.au\/finding-information\/discover-our-collection\/registration-life-events\/registration-life-events."},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref102","first-page":"71","article-title":"Early colonial burial practices for perinates at the Parramatta convict hospital, NSW","volume":"26","author":"D Donlon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Australasian Historical Archaeology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0265878.ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2004.01.007","article-title":"Musculoskeletal manifestations of scurvy","volume":"72","author":"O. Fain","year":"2005","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref104","article-title":"Paleopathological rigor and differential diagnosis: Case studies involving terminology, description, and diagnostic frameworks for scurvy in skeletal remains","author":"HD Klaus","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Paleopathology"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0265878.ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3582","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5093582","article-title":"Genetic aspects of scurvy and the European famine of 1845\u20131848","volume":"5","author":"JR Delanghe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0265878.ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1002\/oa.1124","article-title":"Childhood scurvy in a medieval burial from Ma\u010dvanska Mitrovica, Serbia","volume":"21","author":"M Brown","year":"2011","journal-title":"International journal of osteoarchaeology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0265878.ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24077","article-title":"A multi-isotope, multi-tissue study of colonial origins and diet in New Zealand","volume":"172","author":"CL King","year":"2020","journal-title":"American journal of physical anthropology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0265878.ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.2495\/DNE-V11-N1-33-40","article-title":"Influences in a biologically complex adaptive system: Environmental stress affects dental development in a group of Romano-Britons","volume":"11","author":"AH Brook","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Design and Nature and Ecodynamics"},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0722.2006.00306.x","article-title":"Hypoplastic enamel defects and environmental stress in a homogeneous Romano-British population","volume":"114","author":"AH Brook","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Oral Sci"},{"issue":"s1","key":"pone.0265878.ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1111\/adj.12104","article-title":"Developmental defects of enamel and dentine: challenges for basic science research and clinical management.(Report)","volume":"59","author":"WK Seow","year":"2014","journal-title":"Australian Dental Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0265878.ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/0221-8747(79)90014-6","article-title":"Etiology of Enamel Hypoplasia and Interglobular Dentin: The Roles of Hypocalcemia and Hypophosphatemia","volume":"2","author":"G Nikiforuk","year":"1979","journal-title":"Metabolic Bone Disease and Related Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0265878.ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1017\/ssh.2020.41","article-title":"Measles and Scarlet Fever Epidemic Synergy and Evolving Pathogenic Virulence in Victoria, Australia, 1853\u20131916","volume":"45","author":"PM Roberts","year":"2021","journal-title":"Social Science History"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0265878.ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1046","article-title":"Evidence of probable scurvy in subadults from archaeological sites in North America","volume":"114","author":"DJ Ortner","year":"2001","journal-title":"American Journal of Physical Anthropology"},{"issue":"July 2012","key":"pone.0265878.ref114","first-page":"1","article-title":"Stable Isotope And Dietary Composition In The Mid-Late 19th Century Anglican Population, Adelaide, South Australia","volume":"35","author":"DF Pate","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal Of The Anthropological Society of South Australia"},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref115","volume-title":"Breasts, bottles, and babies: a history of infant feeding","author":"VA Fildes","year":"1986"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0265878.ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1093\/jhmas\/XXXV.2.174","article-title":"The Problem of Infant Feeding: The Australian Experience from the Mid-Nineteenth Century to the 1920s","volume":"35","author":"M. Lewis","year":"1980","journal-title":"Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences"},{"key":"pone.0265878.ref117","unstructured":"Molleson T, Cox M. The Spitalfields Project, Vol. 2: The Anthroplogy, The Middling Sort. York, England.: Council of British Archaeology; 1993."}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0265878","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,21]],"date-time":"2024-09-21T14:22:37Z","timestamp":1726928557000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0265878"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Gwen","family":"Robbins Schug","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]]},"references-count":117,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0265878","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.04.18.21255521","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]]}}}