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We used forest census data collected in undisturbed and insect-impacted stands combined with eddy covariance measurements made pre- and post-disturbance in oak-, mixed and pine-dominated stands to quantify how these infestations altered forest composition, structure and carbon dynamics in the Pinelands National Reserve of southern New Jersey. In oak-dominated stands, multi-year defoliation during<jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>dispar<\/jats:italic>infestations resulted in &gt; 40% mortality of oak trees and the release of pine saplings and understory vegetation, while tree mortality was minimal in mixed and pine-dominated stands. In pine-dominated stands, southern pine beetle infestations resulted in &gt; 85% mortality of pine trees but had minimal effect on oaks in upland stands or other hardwoods in lowland stands, and only rarely infested pines in hardwood-dominated stands. Because insect-driven disturbances are both delaying and accelerating succession in stands dominated by a single genus but having less effect in mixed-composition stands, long-term disturbance dynamics are favoring the formation and persistence of uneven age oak-pine mixedwood stands. Changes in forest composition may have little impact on forest productivity and evapotranspiration; although seasonal patterns differ, with highest daily rates of net ecosystem production (NEP) during the growing season occurring in an oak-dominated stand and lowest in a pine-dominated stand, integrated annual rates of NEP are similar among oak-, mixed and pine-dominated stands. Our research documents the formation of mixedwood stands as a consequence of insect infestations in the mid-Atlantic region and suggests that managing for mixedwood stands could reduce damage to forest products and provide greater continuity in ecosystem functioning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0265955","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,4]],"date-time":"2022-05-04T17:39:32Z","timestamp":1651685972000},"page":"e0265955","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Insect infestations and the persistence and functioning of oak-pine mixedwood forests in the mid-Atlantic region, USA"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0534-9677","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kenneth L.","family":"Clark","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carissa","family":"Aoki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Ayres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Kabrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael R.","family":"Gallagher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0265955.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-8-715-2011","article-title":"Age structure and disturbance legacy of North American forests","volume":"8","author":"Y Pan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"pone.0265955.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-016-0415-5","article-title":"Recovery dynamics and climate change effects to future New England forests","volume":"32","author":"MJ Duveneck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Landscape Ecol"},{"key":"pone.0265955.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.2222","article-title":"Wave of fire: an anthropogenic signal in historical fire regimes across central Pennsylvania, USA","volume":"9","author":"MC Stambaugh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"pone.0265955.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12152","article-title":"Quantifying variation in forest disturbance, and its effects on aboveground biomass dynamics, across the eastern United States","volume":"19","author":"MC Vanderwel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glob Change Biol"},{"key":"pone.0265955.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2015.10.042","article-title":"Forest disturbance across the conterminous United States from 1985\u20132012: The emerging dominance of forest decline. 2016","volume":"360","author":"WB Cohen","year":"2016","journal-title":"For Ecol Manage"},{"key":"pone.0265955.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.12558","article-title":"Biotic disturbances in Northern Hemisphere forests\u2013a synthesis of recent data, uncertainties and implications for forest monitoring and modelling","volume":"26","author":"M Kautz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Global Ecol Biogeog"},{"key":"pone.0265955.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17371","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1820601116","article-title":"Biomass losses resulting from insect and disease invasions in US forests","volume":"116","author":"S Fei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"pone.0265955.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1890\/15-1176","article-title":"Nonnative forest insects and pathogens in the United States: Impacts and policy options","volume":"26","author":"GM Lovett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol Appl"},{"key":"pone.0265955.ref009","unstructured":"USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis Program 2020. 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