{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T17:10:16Z","timestamp":1792343416239,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]],"date-time":"2022-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Current USEPA ecological risk assessments for pesticide registration include a determination of potential risks to bees. Toxicity data are submitted to support these assessments and the USEPA maintains a large database containing acute and chronic toxicity data on adult and larval honey bees (\n                    <jats:italic>Apis mellifera<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), which USEPA considers a surrogate for\n                    <jats:italic>Apis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and non-\n                    <jats:italic>Apis<\/jats:italic>\n                    bees. We compared these toxicity data to explore possible trends. This analysis indicated a significant correlation between acute contact and oral median lethal dose (LD\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) values for adult honey bees (\u03c1 = 0.74, p &lt;0.0001). Using default EPA modeling assumptions, where exposure for an individual bee is roughly 12x lower through contact than through ingestion, the analysis indicates that the oral LD\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    is similarly if not more protective of the contact LD\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    for the majority of pesticides and modes of action evaluated. The analysis also provided evidence that compounds with a lower acute toxicity for adults through contact and oral exposure pathways may still be acutely toxic for larvae. The acute toxicity of herbicides and fungicides was higher for larvae relative to oral and contact toxicity for adult honey bees for the same compounds and the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) from chronic toxicity studies were lower for larvae relative to adults, indicating increased sensitivity of larvae. When comparing 8-day LD\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    values between single dose larval acute studies to those derived from repeat dose 22-day larval chronic toxicity studies, the LD\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    values derived from chronic studies were significantly lower than those from acute toxicity tests (Z = -37,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.03).\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0265962","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]],"date-time":"2022-04-07T13:53:07Z","timestamp":1649339587000},"page":"e0265962","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["A retrospective analysis of honey bee (Apis mellifera) pesticide toxicity data"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5768-0399","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Frank T.","family":"Farruggia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Garber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Hartless","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee","family":"Kyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Mastrota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph P.","family":"Milone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sujatha","family":"Sankula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith","family":"Sappington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Stebbins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Steeger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holly","family":"Summers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela G.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Wagman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0265962.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2243","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c04786","article-title":"Economic dependence and vulnerability of United States agricultural sector on insect-mediated pollination service","volume":"55","author":"A Jordan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0265962.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037235","article-title":"Insect Pollinated Crops, Insect Pollinators and US Agriculture: Trend Analysis of Aggregate Data for the Period 1992\u20132009","volume":"7","author":"NW Calderone","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1608","key":"pone.0265962.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2006.3721","article-title":"Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops","volume":"274","author":"AM Klein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Roy Soc B"},{"key":"pone.0265962.ref004","unstructured":"USDA. 2013. Report on the National Stakeholders Conference on Honey Bee Health. 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