{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T16:51:45Z","timestamp":1788022305780,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]],"date-time":"2022-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To investigate the association between the bony nasolacrimal duct (NLD) size and outcomes of nasolacrimal silicone intubation for incomplete primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction (PANDO).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Patients who underwent silicone intubation for incomplete PANDO and had undergone facial computed tomography (CT) were included. Surgical success was judged by both epiphora improvement and normalized tear meniscus height (TMH; &lt; 300 \u03bcm) on anterior segment optical coherence tomography at 3 months after tube removal. The area, major axis diameter, and minor axis diameter of the elliptic bony NLD sections were measured in 1.0 mm-thick axial CT images. These bony NLD sizes were analyzed for associations with surgical success and TMH normalization.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Eighty-one eyes of 48 patients were investigated. The smallest area and the smallest minor axis diameter were significantly larger in the success group (49 eyes), compared with those in the failure group (median smallest minor axis diameter: 4.7 mm vs. 3.8 mm, P = 0.008, Mann\u2013Whitney U test). There was also a tendency for the TMH normalization rate to significantly increase as the smallest area and the smallest minor axis diameter increased (P = 0.028 and 0.037, respectively, Fisher\u2019s 2 \u00d7 4 tests). Under multivariable logistic regression analysis using generalized estimating equation, a larger smallest minor axis diameter was associated with success of the nasolacrimal silicone intubation (odds ratio: 2.481, 95% confidence interval: 1.143\u20135.384).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Surgical success of the nasolacrimal silicone intubation in incomplete PANDO is associated with a larger smallest minor axis diameter of the bony NLD. This finding will help understand the pathophysiology of surgical failure after nasolacrimal silicone intubation.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0266040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]],"date-time":"2022-03-28T17:23:22Z","timestamp":1648488202000},"page":"e0266040","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Bony nasolacrimal duct size and outcomes of nasolacrimal silicone intubation for incomplete primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Min Kyu","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3043-7222","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ho-Seok","family":"Sa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4815-0804","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Namju","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeong Hun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hokyung","family":"Choung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang In","family":"Khwarg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0266040.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(86)33620-0","article-title":"Primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction. A clinicopathologic report and biopsy technique","volume":"93","author":"JV Linberg","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"pone.0266040.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0000000000001310","article-title":"Etiopathogenesis of Primary Acquired Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction: What We Know and What We Need to Know","volume":"35","author":"MJ Ali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"pone.0266040.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2003.06.013","article-title":"Endoscopically assisted balloon dacryoplasty treatment of incomplete nasolacrimal duct obstruction","volume":"111","author":"SM Couch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"pone.0266040.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2005.084590","article-title":"Long term follow up of nasolacrimal intubation in adults","volume":"90","author":"PP Connell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"pone.0266040.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.3341\/jkos.2011.52.2.129","article-title":"Factors affecting the long-term outcome of silicone tube intubation in patients with naso-lacrimal duct obstruction","volume":"52","author":"JS Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Korean Ophthalmol Soc"},{"key":"pone.0266040.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.3341\/kjo.2016.30.3.157","article-title":"Predictors of Silicone Tube Intubation Success in Patients with Lacrimal Drainage System Stenosis","volume":"30","author":"JS Baek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Korean J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"pone.0266040.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1159\/000331986","article-title":"Anatomical and morphometric study of the bony nasolacrimal canal using computed tomography","volume":"227","author":"H Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"pone.0266040.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.125.12.1677","article-title":"Sex and age differences in the bony nasolacrimal canal: an anatomical study","volume":"125","author":"K Shigeta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"pone.0266040.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.3928\/15428877-20090901-01","article-title":"Reproducibility of tear meniscus measurement by Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography: a pilot study","volume":"40","author":"S Zhou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging"},{"key":"pone.0266040.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2011.02183.x","article-title":"Tear meniscus measurement in nasolacrimal duct obstruction patients with Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography: novel three-point capture method","volume":"90","author":"DI Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"pone.0266040.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.177.3.2243969","article-title":"Epiphora: treatment by means of dacryocystoplasty with balloon dilatation of the nasolacrimal drainage apparatus","volume":"177","author":"PL Munk","year":"1990","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"pone.0266040.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2007.12.024","article-title":"Diurnal variation of upper and lower tear menisci","volume":"145","author":"M Shen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"pone.0266040.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.3109\/02713683.2014.898311","article-title":"Interexaminer reproducibility of optical coherence tomography for measuring the tear film meniscus","volume":"39","author":"H Canan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"pone.0266040.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181560ba8","article-title":"Variability of the analysis of the tear meniscus height by optical coherence tomography","volume":"84","author":"E Bitton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"pone.0266040.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1067\/mpa.2002.128210","article-title":"Dilation probing as primary treatment for congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction","volume":"6","author":"RA Clark","year":"2002","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"pone.0266040.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-019-5986-5","article-title":"Lacrimal drainage system stenosis associated with Trastuzumab emtansine (Kadcyla\u00ae, T-DM1) administration: a case report","volume":"19","author":"CY Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"pone.0266040.ref017","first-page":"845","article-title":"Diameter of the bony lacrimal canal: normal values and values related to nasolacrimal duct obstruction: assessment with CT","volume":"22","author":"AG Janssen","year":"2001","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"pone.0266040.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-016-0446-0","article-title":"Evaluation of granulation tissue formation in lacrimal duct post silicone intubation and its successful management by injection of prednisolone acetate ointment into the lacrimal duct","volume":"60","author":"M Mimura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"pone.0266040.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.3109\/01676839709019124","article-title":"Histopathology of lacrimal canalicular mucosa following punctum plug implantation","volume":"16","author":"B Fayet","year":"1997","journal-title":"Orbit"},{"key":"pone.0266040.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(84)90247-2","article-title":"Lacrimal drainage system inflammatory masses from retained silicone tubing","volume":"98","author":"SC Dresner","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"pone.0266040.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7929","DOI":"10.4238\/2015.July.14.19","article-title":"Pathology of the lower nasolacrimal duct mucosa at multiple time points after lacrimal retrograde catheterization in rabbit","volume":"14","author":"L Ye","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genet Mol Res"},{"key":"pone.0266040.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2315","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-019-04392-1","article-title":"Effect of topical steroids on recently developed incomplete nasolacrimal duct obstruction: optical coherence tomography study","volume":"257","author":"MK Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"pone.0266040.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0000000000000238","article-title":"Comparison of bony nasolacrimal canal narrowing with or without primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction in a Japanese population","volume":"30","author":"Y Takahashi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"pone.0266040.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01627974","article-title":"CT-anatomy of the nasolacrimal sac and duct","volume":"19","author":"R Groell","year":"1997","journal-title":"Surg Radiol Anat"},{"key":"pone.0266040.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0b013e31828de0b0","article-title":"The narrowest part of the bony nasolacrimal canal: an anatomical study","volume":"29","author":"Y Takahashi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"pone.0266040.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0b013e3182a230b0","article-title":"Multidetector CT of nasolacrimal canal morphology: normal variation by age, gender, and race","volume":"29","author":"NA Ramey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"pone.0266040.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1002\/lio2.293","article-title":"Computed Tomography Versus Dacryocystography for the Evaluation of the Nasolacrimal Duct\u2014A Study With 72 Patients","volume":"4","author":"S Papathanassiou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0266040","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]],"date-time":"2022-03-28T17:24:00Z","timestamp":1648488240000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0266040"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Awadein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0266040","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]]}}}