{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T03:05:29Z","timestamp":1768791929089,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]],"date-time":"2022-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648080000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education (MOE), Malaysia"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004939","name":"G\u00f6ttinger Graduiertenschule f\u00fcr Neurowissenschaften, Biophysik und Molekulare Biowissenschaften","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004939","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["WO1425\/5-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WO1425\/5-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["WO1425\/10-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WO1425\/10-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Interindividual anatomical differences in the human cortex can lead to suboptimal current directions and may result in response variability of transcranial electrical stimulation methods. These differences in brain anatomy require individualized electrode stimulation montages to induce an optimal current density in the targeted area of each individual subject. We aimed to explore the possible modulatory effects of 140 Hz transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) on the somatosensory cortex using personalized multi-electrode stimulation montages. In two randomized experiments using either tactile finger or median nerve stimulation, we measured by evoked potentials the plasticity aftereffects and oscillatory power changes after 140 Hz tACS at 1.0 mA as compared to sham stimulation (n = 17, male = 9). We found a decrease in the power of oscillatory mu-rhythms during and immediately after tactile discrimination tasks, indicating an engagement of the somatosensory system during stimulus encoding. On a group level both the oscillatory power and the evoked potential amplitudes were not modulated by tACS neither after tactile finger stimulation nor after median nerve stimulation as compared to sham stimulation. On an individual level we could however demonstrate that lower angular difference (i.e., differences between the injected current vector in the target region and the source orientation vector) is associated with significantly higher changes in both P20\/N20 and N30\/P30 source activities. Our findings suggest that the higher the directionality of the injected current correlates to the dipole orientation the greater the tACS-induced aftereffects are.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0266107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]],"date-time":"2022-03-24T21:46:47Z","timestamp":1648158407000},"page":"e0266107","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Directionality of the injected current targeting the P20\/N20 source determines the efficacy of 140 Hz transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS)-induced aftereffects in the somatosensory cortex"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4925-9972","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohd Faizal","family":"Mohd Zulkifly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Albert","family":"Lehr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"van de Velden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6016-8150","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Asad","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Niels K.","family":"Focke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carsten H.","family":"Wolters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Paulus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0266107.ref001","first-page":"463","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation\u2014Update 2011","volume":"29","author":"MA Nitsche","year":"2011","journal-title":"Restor Neurol Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00633.x","article-title":"Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"527","author":"MA Nitsche","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00279","article-title":"Transcranial alternating current stimulation: a review of the underlying mechanisms and modulation of cognitive processes","volume":"7","author":"CS Herrmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00687","article-title":"Effects of weak transcranial alternating current stimulation on brain activity-a review of known mechanisms from animal studies","volume":"7","author":"D Reato","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000834","article-title":"tACS entrains neural activity while somatosensory input is blocked","volume":"18","author":"PG Vieira","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.12.004","article-title":"Alpha Power Increase After Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation at Alpha Frequency (\u03b1-tACS) Reflects Plastic Changes Rather Than Entrainment","volume":"8","author":"A Vossen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2007.10.001","article-title":"Comparatively weak after-effects of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) on cortical excitability in humans","volume":"1","author":"A Antal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4891","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2010.196998","article-title":"Boosting brain excitability by transcranial high frequency stimulation in the ripple range","volume":"588","author":"V Moliadze","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2011.11.004","article-title":"Close to threshold transcranial electrical stimulation preferentially activates inhibitory networks before switching to excitation with higher intensities","volume":"5","author":"V Moliadze","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2465","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/114.6.2465","article-title":"Potentials evoked in human and monkey cerebral cortex by stimulation of the median nerve: A review of scalp and intracranial recordings","volume":"114","author":"T Allison","year":"1991","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2306","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00272","article-title":"The contribution of primary and secondary somatosensory cortices to the representation of body parts and body sides: an fMRI adaptation study","volume":"24","author":"L Tam\u00e8","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.1993.tb00536.x","article-title":"Functional Organization of the Human First and Second Somatosensory Cortices: a Neuromagnetic Study","volume":"5","author":"R Hari","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117353","article-title":"Inter-Subject Variability of Skull Conductivity and Thickness in Calibrated Realistic Head Models","volume":"223","author":"M Antonakakis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2011.00013","article-title":"Frequency Specific Modulation of Human Somatosensory Cortex","volume":"2","author":"M Feurra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117175","article-title":"Reduction of somatosensory functional connectivity by transcranial alternating current stimulation at endogenous mu-frequency","volume":"221","author":"C Gundlach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.001","article-title":"Transcranial random noise stimulation is more effective than transcranial direct current stimulation for enhancing working memory in healthy individuals: Behavioural and electrophysiological evidence","volume":"13","author":"OW Murphy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.01.003","article-title":"Effects of TDCS dosage on working memory in healthy participants","volume":"11","author":"S Nikolin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2018.11.022","article-title":"Impact of concurrent task performance on transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)-Induced changes in cortical physiology and working memory","volume":"113","author":"AT Hill","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10120932","article-title":"The Modulation of Cognitive Performance with Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation: A Systematic Review of Frequency-Specific Effects","volume":"10","author":"K Klink","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002031","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002031","article-title":"Selective Modulation of Interhemispheric Functional Connectivity by HD-tACS Shapes Perception","volume":"12","author":"RF Helfrich","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37226-x","article-title":"Can electric fields explain inter-individual variability in transcranial direct current stimulation of the motor cortex?","volume":"9","author":"I Laakso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2010.190314","article-title":"Determinants of the induction of cortical plasticity by non-invasive brain stimulation in healthy subjects","volume":"588","author":"MC Ridding","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.01.024","article-title":"Confounding effects of caffeine on neuroplasticity induced by transcranial alternating current stimulation and paired associative stimulation","volume":"132","author":"MFM Zulkifly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.09.004","article-title":"Age-related differences of motor cortex plasticity in adults: A transcranial direct current stimulation study","volume":"13","author":"E Ghasemian-shirvan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13417-6","article-title":"Integrating electric field modeling and neuroimaging to explain inter-individual variability of tACS effects","volume":"10","author":"FH Kasten","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.05.002","article-title":"Inter-subject variability in electric fields of motor cortical tDCS","volume":"8","author":"I Laakso","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.101768","article-title":"Personalized transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) and physical therapy to treat motor and cognitive symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A randomized cross-over trial","volume":"22","author":"A Del Felice","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182610","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3028618","article-title":"Individual Targeting Increases Control Over Inter-Individual Variability in Simulated Transcranial Electric Fields","volume":"8","author":"J Radecke","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.10.016","article-title":"Individually optimized multi-channel tDCS for targeting somatosensory cortex","volume":"134","author":"A Khan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2014.01.054","article-title":"Inconsistent outcomes of transcranial direct current stimulation may originate from anatomical differences among individuals: Electric field simulation using individual MRI data","volume":"564","author":"JH Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.04.026","article-title":"The efficacy of transcranial direct current stimulation to prefrontal areas is related to underlying cortical morphology","volume":"196","author":"HL Filmer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref032","article-title":"The contribution of interindividual factors to variability of response in transcranial direct current stimulation studies","volume":"9","author":"LM Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2012.00091","article-title":"Inter-individual variation during transcranial direct current stimulation and normalization of dose using MRI-derived computational models","volume":"3","author":"A Datta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2465","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/114.6.2465","article-title":"Potentials evoked in human and monkey cerebral cortex by stimulation of the median nerve: A review of scalp and intracranial recordings","volume":"114","author":"T Allison","year":"1991","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2020.11.032","article-title":"Functional organization of the human primary somatosensory cortex: A stereo-electroencephalography study","volume":"132","author":"F Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.03.009","article-title":"Modulation of iTBS after-effects via concurrent directional TDCS: A proof of principle study","volume":"10","author":"S Tremblay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.11.001","article-title":"tDCS changes in motor excitability are specific to orientation of current flow","volume":"11","author":"V Rawji","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.01.016","article-title":"Direction of TDCS current flow in human sensorimotor cortex influences behavioural learning","volume":"12","author":"R Hannah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.11.003","article-title":"Montage matters: The influence of transcranial alternating current stimulation on human physiological tremor","volume":"8","author":"AR Mehta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3071","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-019-05666-0","article-title":"Current challenges: the ups and downs of tACS","volume":"237","author":"NS Bland","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2016.2553177","article-title":"A computational model of the electric field distribution due to regional personalized or nonpersonalized electrodes to select transcranial electric stimulation target","volume":"64","author":"M Parazzini","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.01.398","article-title":"Personalizing the electrode to neuromodulate an extended cortical region","volume":"8","author":"A Cancelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(71)90067-4","article-title":"The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh inventory","volume":"9","author":"RC Oldfield","year":"1971","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.09.023","article-title":"The impact of GABAergic drugs on TMS-induced brain oscillations in human motor cortex","volume":"163","author":"I Premoli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4641","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.232975","article-title":"The pharmacology of neuroplasticity induced by non-invasive brain stimulation: building models for the clinical use of CNS active drugs","volume":"590","author":"MA Nitsche","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.08.028","article-title":"TMS and drugs revisited 2014","volume":"126","author":"U Ziemann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.11.062","article-title":"Transcranial alternating current stimulation induced excitatory aftereffects are abolished by decaffeinated espresso and reversed into inhibition by espresso with caffeine","volume":"131","author":"MFM Zulkifly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref048","first-page":"1","article-title":"The roles of caffeine and corticosteroids in modulating cortical excitability after paired associative stimulation (PAS) and transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) in caffeine-na\u00efve and caffeine-adapted subjects","volume":"127","author":"MFM Zulkifly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12486","article-title":"Heavy alcohol use in adolescence is associated with altered cortical activity: a combined TMS\u2013EEG study","volume":"23","author":"O Kaarre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14085","article-title":"The influence of endogenous estrogen on transcranial direct current stimulation: A preliminary study","volume":"48","author":"S Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.9.2069","article-title":"Menstrual cycle effects on cotical excitability","volume":"53","author":"M. Smith","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(03)00362-6","article-title":"Effect of transcranial DC sensorimotor cortex stimulation on somatosensory evoked potentials in humans","volume":"115","author":"K Matsunaga","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2004.12.022","article-title":"Geodesic photogrammetry for localizing sensor positions in dense-array EEG","volume":"116","author":"GS Russell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1038\/20939","article-title":"Neuronal correlates of parametric working memory in the prefrontal cortex","volume":"399","author":"R Romo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4097-05.2006","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation-induced changes in sensorimotor coupling parallel improvements of somatosensation in humans","volume":"26","author":"B Pleger","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref056","first-page":"1","article-title":"Generating stimuli for neuroscience using PsychoPy","volume":"2","author":"JW Peirce","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front Neuroinform"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref057","first-page":"1","article-title":"Slow-Frequency Pulsed Transcranial Electrical Stimulation for Modulation of Cortical Plasticity Based on Reciprocity Targeting with Precision Electrical Head Modeling","volume":"10","author":"P Luu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009","article-title":"EEGLAB: An open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis","volume":"134","author":"A Delorme","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00309","article-title":"Source-Modeling auditory processes of EEG data using EEGLAB and brainstorm","volume":"12","author":"M Stropahl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1349851","article-title":"BrainK for Structural Image Processing: Creating Electrical Models of the Human Head","volume":"2016","author":"K Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput Intell Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.1002\/cpe.3510","article-title":"Concurrency in electrical neuroinformatics: parallel computation for studying the volume conduction of brain electrical fields in human head tissues","volume":"28","author":"A Salman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Concurr Comput"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1109\/10.887939","article-title":"Regional head tissue conductivity estimation for improved EEG analysis","volume":"47","author":"TC Ferree","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/156869","article-title":"FieldTrip: Open source software for advanced analysis of MEG, EEG, and invasive electrophysiological data","volume":"2011","author":"R Oostenveld","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput Intell Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2009.01.015","article-title":"Semi-automatic identification of independent components representing EEG artifact","volume":"120","author":"F Campos Viola","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(99)00141-8","article-title":"Event-related EEG\/MEG synchronization and desynchronization: Basic principles","author":"G Pfurtscheller","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2007.03.024","article-title":"Nonparametric statistical testing of EEG- and MEG-data","volume":"164","author":"E Maris","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2003.10.034","article-title":"EEG minimum-norm estimation compared with MEG dipole fitting in the localization of somatosensory sources at S1","volume":"115","author":"S Komssi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5011","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24754","article-title":"The effect of stimulation type, head modeling, and combined EEG and MEG on the source reconstruction of the somatosensory P20\/N20 component","volume":"40","author":"M Antonakakis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116403","article-title":"Unification of optimal targeting methods in transcranial electrical stimulation","volume":"209","author":"M Fern\u00e1ndez-Corazza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.10.002","article-title":"Simulation of transcranial magnetic stimulation in head model with morphologically-realistic cortical neurons","volume":"13","author":"AS Aberra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2013.05.007","article-title":"PET-based confirmation of orientation sensitivity of TMS-induced cortical activation in humans","volume":"6","author":"TD Krieg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/12\/4\/046028","article-title":"Impact of uncertain head tissue conductivity in the optimization of transcranial direct current stimulation for an auditory target","volume":"12","author":"C Schmidt","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00531","article-title":"Influence of head tissue conductivity uncertainties on EEG dipole reconstruction","volume":"13","author":"J Vorwerk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.12.053","article-title":"A principled approach to conductivity uncertainty analysis in electric field calculations","volume":"188","author":"GB Saturnino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2563","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.247171","article-title":"Cellular effects of acute direct current stimulation: somatic and synaptic terminal effects","volume":"591","author":"A Rahman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref076","first-page":"1","article-title":"Standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA): technical details","volume":"24","author":"RD Pascual-Marqui","year":"2002","journal-title":"Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.04.017","article-title":"Hierarchical Bayesian inference for the EEG inverse problem using realistic FE head models: Depth localization and source separation for focal primary currents","volume":"61","author":"F Lucka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1097\/WNP.0000000000000048","article-title":"Thalamocortical impulse propagation and information transfer in EEG and MEG","volume":"31","author":"T G\u00f6tz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118726","article-title":"Reconstructing subcortical and cortical somatosensory activity via the RAMUS inverse source analysis technique using median nerve SEP data","volume":"245","author":"A Rezaei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.04.005","article-title":"Using reciprocity for relating the simulation of transcranial current stimulation to the EEG forward problem","volume":"140","author":"S Wagner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2019.112168","article-title":"Comparison of transcranial electrical stimulation regimens for effects on inhibitory circuit activity in primary somatosensory cortex and tactile spatial discrimination performance","volume":"375","author":"K Saito","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.249730","article-title":"Partially non-linear stimulation intensity-dependent effects of direct current stimulation on motor cortex excitability in humans","volume":"591","author":"G Batsikadze","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1113\/JP272738","article-title":"Systematic evaluation of the impact of stimulation intensity on neuroplastic after-effects induced by transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"595","author":"A Jamil","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-54621-0","article-title":"Expanding the parameter space of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation of the primary motor cortex","volume":"9","author":"D Agboada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2001.0285f.x","article-title":"Three Ca2+ levels affect plasticity differently: The LTP zone, the LTD zone and no man\u2019s land","volume":"532","author":"JE Lisman","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.023","article-title":"Effects of beta-tACS on corticospinal excitability: A meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"M Wischnewski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2006.06.003","article-title":"EEG alpha oscillations: The inhibition-timing hypothesis","volume":"53","author":"W Klimesch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Res Rev"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref088","first-page":"1","article-title":"Contra-lateral desynchronized alpha oscillations linearly correlate with discrimination performance of tactile acuity","volume":"17","author":"S Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00311","article-title":"10 Hz tACS over somatosensory cortex does not modulate supra-threshold tactile temporal discrimination in humans","volume":"13","author":"MA Wittenberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-74072-2","article-title":"Investigating the effects of transcranial alternating current stimulation on primary somatosensory cortex","volume":"10","author":"N Manzo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2022.118975","article-title":"Motor cortex oscillates at its intrinsic post-movement beta rhythm following real (but not sham) single pulse, rhythmic and arrhythmic transcranial magnetic stimulation","author":"R Hannah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref092","first-page":"1","article-title":"A comprehensive study on electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography sensitivity to cortical and subcortical sources","author":"MC Piastra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-4694(98)00046-7","article-title":"Improving source reconstructions by combining bioelectric and biomagnetic data","volume":"107","author":"M Fuchs","year":"1998","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"pone.0266107.ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10120934","article-title":"Parametrizing the conditionally gaussian prior model for source localization with reference to the P20\/N20 component of median nerve SEP\/SEF","volume":"10","author":"A Rezaei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Sci"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0266107","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]],"date-time":"2022-03-24T21:49:10Z","timestamp":1648158550000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0266107"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Peter","family":"Schwenkreis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0266107","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]]}}}