{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T17:34:46Z","timestamp":1772213686964,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]],"date-time":"2022-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010096","name":"Secretar\u00eda de Educaci\u00f3n P\u00fablica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DSA\/103.5\/14\/11311"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DSA\/103.5\/14\/11311"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010096","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    We determined the association between\n                    <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) infection and insomnia. Through an age-and gender-matched case-control study, 577 people with insomnia (cases) and 577 people without insomnia (controls) were tested for anti-\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    IgG and IgM antibodies using commercially available enzyme-immunoassays. Anti-\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    IgG antibodies were found in 71 (12.3%) of 577 individuals with insomnia and in 46 (8.0%) of 577 controls (OR = 1.62; 95% CI: 1.09\u20132.39;\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.01). Men with insomnia had a higher (16\/73: 21.9%) seroprevalence of\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection than men without insomnia (5\/73: 6.8%) (OR: 3.81; 95% CI: 1.31\u201311.06;\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.009). The rate of high (&gt;150 IU\/ml) anti-\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    IgG antibody levels in cases was higher than the one in controls (OR = 2.21; 95% CI: 1.13\u20134.31;\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.01). Men with insomnia had a higher (8\/73: 11.0%) rate of high anti-\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    IgG antibody levels than men without insomnia (0\/73: 0.0%) (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.006). The rate of high anti-\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    IgG antibody levels in cases &gt;50 years old (11\/180: 6.1%) was higher than that (3\/180: 1.7%) in controls of the same age group (OR: 3.84; 95% CI: 1.05\u201314.00;\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.05). No difference in the rate of IgM seropositivity between cases and controls was found (OR = 1.33; 95% CI: 0.57\u20133.11;\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.50). Results of this seroepidemiology study suggest that infection with\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    is associated with insomnia. Men older than 50 years with\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    exposure might be prone to insomnia. Further research to confirm the association between seropositivity and serointensity to\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    and insomnia is needed.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0266214","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]],"date-time":"2022-06-09T13:34:21Z","timestamp":1654781661000},"page":"e0266214","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Toxoplasma gondii infection and insomnia: A case control seroprevalence study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0367-6052","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cosme","family":"Alvarado-Esquivel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Estrada-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alma Rosa","family":"P\u00e9rez-\u00c1lamos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agar","family":"Ramos-Nev\u00e1rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karina","family":"Botello-Calder\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c1ngel Osvaldo","family":"Alvarado-F\u00e9lix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"Vaquera-Enr\u00edquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gustavo Alexis","family":"Alvarado-F\u00e9lix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Sifuentes-\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos Alberto","family":"Guido-Arreola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"R\u00e1bago-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leandro","family":"Saenz-Soto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0266214.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.05013-11","article-title":"Epidemiology of and diagnostic strategies for toxoplasmosis","volume":"25","author":"F Robert-Gangneux","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"pone.0266214.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0902-6","article-title":"Diagnosis of toxoplasmosis and typing of Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"8","author":"Q Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"pone.0266214.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00242","article-title":"Advances and Challenges in Understanding Cerebral Toxoplasmosis","volume":"10","author":"D Schl\u00fcter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0266214.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis508","article-title":"Foodborne toxoplasmosis","volume":"55","author":"JL Jones","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12\u201313","key":"pone.0266214.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00124-7","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: from animals to humans","volume":"30","author":"AM Tenter","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0266214.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2017.1370528","article-title":"Prophylaxis of human toxoplasmosis: a systematic review","volume":"111","author":"S Rajapakse","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pathog Glob Health."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0266214.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-012-1197-4","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis and neuropsychiatric diseases: can serological studies establish a clear relationship?","volume":"34","author":"S Fabiani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurol Sci."},{"issue":"9425","key":"pone.0266214.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16412-X","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis","volume":"363","author":"JG Montoya","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0266214.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/61435","article-title":"Relationship between toxoplasmosis and schizophrenia: A review","volume":"26","author":"AJ Fuglewicz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Clin Exp Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0266214.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.14740\/jocmr2576w","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii infection and mixed anxiety and depressive disorder: a case-control seroprevalence study in Durango, Mexico","volume":"8","author":"C Alvarado-Esquivel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Med Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0266214.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0219454","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0219454","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis and mental disorders in the Russian Federation (with special reference to schizophrenia)","volume":"14","author":"EV Stepanova","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0266214.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2010.12.003","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii infection and schizophrenia: a case control study in a low Toxoplasma seroprevalence Mexican population","volume":"60","author":"C Alvarado-Esquivel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0266214.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1556\/1886.2016.00010","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii infection and depression: a case-control seroprevalence study","volume":"6","author":"C Alvarado-Esquivel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp)"},{"key":"pone.0266214.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/13811118.2020.1838368","article-title":"Latent toxoplasmosis is associated with depression and suicidal behavior","author":"AM Kamal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Suicide Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0266214.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10060677","article-title":"Association between Toxoplasma gondii exposure and suicidal behavior in patients attending primary health care clinics","volume":"10","author":"C Alvarado-Esquivel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0266214.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.12927\/whp.2016.24938","article-title":"Mental health and latent toxoplasmosis: comparison of individuals with and without anti-Toxoplasma antibodies","volume":"17","author":"S Khademvatan","year":"2016","journal-title":"World Health Popul"},{"key":"pone.0266214.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.112502","article-title":"Infection with Herpes Simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and sleep: The dog that did not bark","volume":"280","author":"KM Meshreky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"pone.0266214.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1515\/pterid-2017-0010","article-title":"Sleep onset insomnia, daytime sleepiness and sleep duration in relationship to Toxoplasma gondii IgG seropositivity and serointensity","volume":"28","author":"Z Ahmad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pteridines"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0266214.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.2174\/187152412800229107","article-title":"Basic sleep mechanisms: an integrative review.","volume":"12","author":"E Murillo-Rodriguez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0266214.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12157","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii-induced neuronal alterations","volume":"37","author":"A Parlog","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0266214.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01428","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01428-15","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii infections alter GABAergic synapses and signaling in the central nervous system","volume":"6","author":"JM Brooks","year":"2015","journal-title":"mBio."},{"key":"pone.0266214.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed.","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0266214.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-2612.1","article-title":"Seroepidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii infection in general population in a northern Mexican city","volume":"97","author":"C Alvarado-Esquivel","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0266214.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1515\/pteridines-2019-0001","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii IgG associations with sleep-wake problems, sleep duration and timing","volume":"30","author":"CC Corona","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pteridines"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0266214.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13650","article-title":"Chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection and sleep-wake alterations in mice","volume":"27","author":"D Dupont","year":"2021","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0266214.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.1.174-178.1997","article-title":"False-positive results in immunoglobulin M (IgM) toxoplasma antibody tests and importance of confirmatory testing: the Platelia Toxo IgM test","volume":"35","author":"O Liesenfeld","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0266214","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]],"date-time":"2022-06-09T13:34:54Z","timestamp":1654781694000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0266214"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Masoud","family":"Foroutan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0266214","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2022.03.17.22272569","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]]}}}