{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T21:00:29Z","timestamp":1788814829532,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]],"date-time":"2022-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648512000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000774","name":"Defense Threat Reduction Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HDTRA1-15-1-0033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HDTRA1-15-1-0033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000774","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000165","name":"Division of Chemistry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CHE1507357"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CHE1507357"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000165","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/jats:italic>is a fungus that is able to survive abnormally high levels of ionizing radiation (IR). The radiolysis of water by IR generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>and OH<jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>.<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>neoformans<\/jats:italic>withstands the damage caused by IR and ROS through antioxidant production and enzyme-catalyzed breakdown of ROS. Given these particular cellular protein needs, questions arise whether transfer ribonucleic acids molecules (tRNAs) undergo unique chemical modifications to maintain their structure, stability, and\/or function under such environmental conditions. Here, we investigated the effects of IR and H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>exposure on tRNAs in<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>neoformans<\/jats:italic>. We experimentally identified the modified nucleosides present in<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>neoformans<\/jats:italic>tRNAs and quantified changes in those modifications upon exposure to oxidative conditions. To better understand these modified nucleoside results, we also evaluated tRNA pool composition in response to the oxidative conditions. We found that regardless of environmental conditions, tRNA modifications and transcripts were minimally affected. A rationale for the stability of the tRNA pool and its concomitant profile of modified nucleosides is proposed based on the lack of codon bias throughout the<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>neoformans<\/jats:italic>genome and in particular for oxidative response transcripts. Our findings suggest that<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>neoformans<\/jats:italic>can rapidly adapt to oxidative environments as mRNA translation\/protein synthesis are minimally impacted by codon bias.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0266239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]],"date-time":"2022-03-29T18:00:20Z","timestamp":1648576820000},"page":"e0266239","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Ionizing radiation and chemical oxidant exposure impacts on Cryptococcus neoformans transfer RNAs"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Melissa","family":"Kelley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mellie June","family":"Paulines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7488-1937","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ryan","family":"Myers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1999-1508","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Manasses","family":"Jora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel P.","family":"Levoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Balasubrahmanyam","family":"Addepalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua B.","family":"Benoit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1526-4546","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Patrick A.","family":"Limbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0266239.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e457","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000457","article-title":"Ionizing radiation changes the electronic properties of melanin and enhances the growth of melanized fungi","volume":"2","author":"E Dadachova","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0266239.ref002","article-title":"Ionizing Radiation and Human Health: Reviewing Models of Exposure and Mechanisms of Cellular Damage.","volume":"15","author":"E Burgio","year":"2018","journal-title":"An Epigenetic Perspective. 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