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Three substance use PRS were computed based on prior GWAS: lifetime cannabis use from Pasman et al. (2018), heavy drinking indexed via maximum number of drinks from Gelernter et al. (2019), and alcohol consumption from Kranzler et al. (2019).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec003\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Higher PRS for lifetime cannabis use, greater heavy drinking, and greater alcohol consumption were associated with heightened risk for misusing opioids among the whole sample. Significant sex by PRS interactions were also observed such that higher PRS for heavy drinking and alcohol consumption were associated with a greater likelihood of opioid misuse among males, but not females.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec004\"><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings further elucidate the genetic contributions to misusing opioids by showing that the genetics of cannabis and alcohol consumption are associated with lifetime opioid misuse among young adults, though replication of our findings is needed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0266384","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,8]],"date-time":"2022-04-08T17:23:15Z","timestamp":1649438595000},"page":"e0266384","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Positive associations between cannabis and alcohol use polygenic risk scores and phenotypic opioid misuse among African-Americans"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3674-8032","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jill A.","family":"Rabinowitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6192-1001","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sally I-Chun","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adrian I.","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miguel E.","family":"Renter\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew S.","family":"Huhn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8929-9579","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Johannes","family":"Thrul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beth A.","family":"Reboussin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Benke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Domingue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicholas S.","family":"Ialongo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brion S.","family":"Maher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Darlene","family":"Kertes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6689-8157","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vanessa","family":"Troiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Uhl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0266384.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.3109\/15360288.2010.503730","article-title":"Emergency department visits involving nonmedical use of selected prescription drugs in the United States, 2004\u20132008","volume":"24","author":"R Cai","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0266384.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1080\/10550887.2015.1127712","article-title":"Health outcomes associated with illicit prescription opioid injection: A systematic review","volume":"35","author":"S Lake","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Addict Dis"},{"key":"pone.0266384.ref003","first-page":"S200","article-title":"Introduction to the opioid epidemic: The economic burden on the healthcare system and impact on quality of life","author":"N. 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