{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:24:02Z","timestamp":1788481442960,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]],"date-time":"2022-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["U19 AI129326, D43 TW001505 and R01 AI050243"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19 AI129326, D43 TW001505 and R01 AI050243"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Leading transmission-blocking vaccine candidates such as <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> surface protein 25 (<jats:italic>Pfs25<\/jats:italic> gene) may undergo antigenic alterations which may render them ineffective or allele-specific. This study examines the level of genetic diversity, signature of selection and drivers of <jats:italic>Pfs25<\/jats:italic> polymorphisms of parasites population in regions of western Kenya with varying malaria transmission intensities.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Dry blood spots (DBS) were collected in 2018 and 2019 from febrile outpatients with malaria at health facilities in malaria-endemic areas of Homa Bay, Kisumu (Chulaimbo) and the epidemic-prone highland area of Kisii. Parasites DNA were extracted from DBS using Chelex method. Species identification was performed using real-time PCR. The 460 base pairs (domains 1\u20134) of the <jats:italic>Pfs25<\/jats:italic> were amplified and sequenced for a total of 180 <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>falciparum<\/jats:italic>-infected blood samples.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Nine of ten polymorphic sites were identified for the first time. Overall, <jats:italic>Pfs25<\/jats:italic> exhibited low nucleotide diversity (0.04\u00d710<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>) and low mutation frequencies (1.3% to 7.7%). Chulaimbo had the highest frequency (15.4%) of mutated sites followed by Kisii (6.7%) and Homa Bay (5.1%). Neutrality tests of <jats:italic>Pfs25<\/jats:italic> variations showed significant negative values of Tajima\u2019s <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic> (-2.15, p&lt;0.01) and Fu\u2019s F (-10.91, p&lt;0.001) statistics tests. Three loci pairs (123, 372), (364, 428) and (390, 394) were detected to be under linkage disequilibrium and none had history of recombination. These results suggested that purifying selection and inbreeding might be the drivers of the observed variation in <jats:italic>Pfs25<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Given the low level of nucleotide diversity, it is unlikely that a Pfs25 antigen-based vaccine would be affected by antigenic variations. However, continued monitoring of Pfs25 immunogenic domain 3 for possible variants that might impact vaccine antibody binding is warranted.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0266394","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]],"date-time":"2022-04-07T17:47:52Z","timestamp":1649353672000},"page":"e0266394","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Signatures of selection and drivers for novel mutation on transmission-blocking vaccine candidate Pfs25 gene in western Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4510-8344","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kevin O.","family":"Ochwedo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shirley A.","family":"Onyango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Collince J.","family":"Omondi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pauline W.","family":"Orondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benyl M.","family":"Ondeto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2462-6089","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ming-Chieh","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harrysone E.","family":"Atieli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sidney O.","family":"Ogolla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew K.","family":"Githeko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antony C. 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