{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T17:35:32Z","timestamp":1772213732894,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]],"date-time":"2022-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is the least studied complication of nephrotic syndrome (NS). Risk factors which predispose children with NS to developing PAD include hyperlipidaemia, hypertension and prolonged use of steroids. The development of PAD significantly increases the morbidity and mortality associated with NS as such children are prone to sudden cardiac death. The ankle brachial index (ABI) is a tool that has been proven to have high specificity and sensitivity in detecting PAD even in asymptomatic individuals. We aimed to determine the prevalence of PAD in children with NS and to identify risk factors that can independently predict its development. A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted involving 200 subjects (100 with NS and 100 apparently healthy comparative subjects that were matched for age, sex and socioeconomic class). Systolic blood pressures were measured in all limbs using the pocket Doppler machine (Norton Doppler scan machine). ABI was calculated as a ratio of ankle to arm systolic blood pressure. PAD was defined as ABI less than 0.9. The prevalence of PAD was significantly higher in children with NS than matched comparison group (44.0% vs 6.0%, p &lt; 0.001). Average values of waist and hip circumference were significantly higher in subjects with PAD than those without PAD (61.68\u00b1 9.1cm and 67.6\u00b1 11.2 cm vs 57.03 \u00b1 8.3cm and 65.60\u00b1 12.5cm respectively, p&lt; 0.005). Serum lipids (triglyceride, very low density lipoprotein, total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein) were also significantly higher in subjects with PAD than those without PAD [106.65mg\/dl (67.8\u2013136.7) vs 45.72mg\/dl (37.7\u201361.3), 21.33mg\/dl (13.6\u201327.3) vs 9.14mg\/dl (7.5\u201312.3), 164.43mg\/dl (136.1\u2013259.6) vs 120.72mg\/dl (111.1\u2013142.1) and 93.29mg\/dl (63.5\u2013157.3) vs 61.84mg\/dl (32.6\u201383.1), respectively p&lt; 0.05]. Increasing duration since diagnosis of NS, having a steroid resistant NS and increasing cumulative steroid dose were independent predictors of PAD in children with NS; p&lt; 0.05 respectively. With these findings, it is recommended that screening for PAD in children with NS should be done to prevent cardiovascular complications before they arise.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0266432","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]],"date-time":"2022-08-11T13:44:38Z","timestamp":1660225478000},"page":"e0266432","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Prevalence and determinants of peripheral arterial disease in children with nephrotic syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4854-3170","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gbenga","family":"Akinyosoye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adaobi U.","family":"Solarin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6303-8140","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Adeyemi","family":"Dada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Motunrayo O.","family":"Adekunle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6010-7895","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alaba B.","family":"Oladimeji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8951-1648","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Adeola O.","family":"Owolabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clement M.","family":"Akinsola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barakat A.","family":"Animasahun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fidelis O.","family":"Njokanma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0266432.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-015-0123-9","article-title":"Steroid sensitive nephrotic syndrome in children: Triggers of relapse and evolving hypotheses on pathogenesis","volume":"41","author":"SN Uwaezuoke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ital J Pediatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0266432.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.4103\/jss.JSS_32_16","article-title":"Spectrum of renal biopsy findings in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in children: An 18 months retrospective analysis at a tertiary care pediatric nephrology center in North Karnataka, India.","volume":"44","author":"P Inamdar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Sci Soc"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0266432.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.4103\/1319-2442.139976","article-title":"Pediatric kidney diseases in an African country: Prevalence, spectrum and outcome.","volume":"25","author":"TA Ladapo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0266432.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.12816\/0003200","article-title":"Ankle brachial index in children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome.","volume":"13","author":"SM Mohamed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J"},{"key":"pone.0266432.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-04883-5.50018-0","volume-title":"Comprehensive Pediatric Nephrology: Nephrotic Syndrome","author":"R Gbadegesin","year":"2008"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0266432.ref006","first-page":"235","article-title":"Epidemiology and clinicopathologic characteristics of childhood nephrotic syndrome in Benin City, Nigeria.","volume":"48","author":"MO Ibadin","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Pak Med Assoc"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0266432.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.7196\/samj.7919","article-title":"Screening for peripheral arterial disease.","volume":"104","author":"B. 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