{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T23:53:55Z","timestamp":1783122835475,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]],"date-time":"2022-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21 EY02443"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 EY02443"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 EY024546"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 EY024546"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 EY029258"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 EY029258"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 EY030413"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 EY030413"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001818","name":"Research to Prevent Blindness","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["unrestricted grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["unrestricted grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is an established independent risk factor for peripheral neuropathy. Macro and microvascular changes have been documented in OSA, including high levels of potent vasoconstrictors. In diabetes, vasoconstriction has been identified as an underlying risk factor for corneal neuropathy. This study sought to establish a potential relationship between OSA and corneal nerve morphology and sensitivity, and to determine whether changes in corneal nerves may be reflective of OSA severity.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Single center cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Sixty-seven patients were stratified into two groups: those with OSA and healthy controls. Groups were matched for age, sex, race, smoking, and dry eye status. Outcome measures included serologies, a dilated fundus exam, dry eye testing, anthropometric parameters, corneal sensitivity, subbasal nerve plexus morphology, retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, and the use of questionnaires to assess symptoms of dry eye disease, risk of OSA, and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) compliance.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>No significant differences were observed in corneal nerve morphology, sensitivity, or the number of dendritic cells. In the OSA test group, RNFL thinning was noted in the superior and inferior regions of the optic disc and peripapillary region. A greater proportion of participants in the OSA group required a subsequent evaluation for glaucoma than in the control. In those with OSA, an increase in the apnea hypopnea index was associated with an increase in optic nerve cupping.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>OSA does not exert a robust effect on corneal nerves. OSA is however, associated with thinning of the RNFL. Participants with glaucomatous optic nerve changes and risk factors for OSA should be examined as uncontrolled OSA may exacerbate glaucoma progression.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0266483","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]],"date-time":"2022-06-30T17:34:49Z","timestamp":1656610489000},"page":"e0266483","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Differential effects of obstructive sleep apnea on the corneal subbasal nerve plexus and retinal nerve fiber layer"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Katherine A.","family":"Bussan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Whitney L.","family":"Stuard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Mussi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Won","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jess T.","family":"Whitson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2070-8287","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yacine","family":"Issioui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley A.","family":"Rowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8430-2916","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Katherine J.","family":"Wert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0136-2041","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Danielle M.","family":"Robertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0266483.ref001","first-page":"246","article-title":"Burden of sleep apnea: rationale, design, and major findings of the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort study","volume":"108","author":"T Young","year":"2009","journal-title":"WMJ: official publication of the State Medical Society of Wisconsin"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0266483.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws342","article-title":"Increased prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in adults","volume":"177","author":"PE Peppard","year":"2013","journal-title":"American journal of epidemiology"},{"key":"pone.0266483.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2016.07.002","article-title":"Prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in the general population: A systematic review","volume":"34","author":"CV Senaratna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"issue":"9 Suppl 1","key":"pone.0266483.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.86.s1.02","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea basics","volume":"86","author":"JV Rundo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cleve Clin J Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0266483.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.2147\/VHRM.S4078","article-title":"Mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction in obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"4","author":"A Atkeson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vascular Health and Risk Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0266483.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.102806","article-title":"Treatment for obstructive sleep apnoea: effect on peripheral nerve function","volume":"78","author":"R Dziewas","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0266483.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.70.5.685","article-title":"Axonal polyneuropathy in obstructive sleep apnoea","volume":"70","author":"P Ludemann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0266483.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.159.1.9709051","article-title":"Peripheral neuropathy in sleep apnea. A tissue marker of the severity of nocturnal desaturation","volume":"159","author":"P Mayer","year":"1999","journal-title":"American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0266483.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.5308","article-title":"Optic Nerve Dysfunction in Obstructive Sleep Apnea: An Electrophysiological Study","volume":"39","author":"C Liguori","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0266483.ref010","first-page":"1681","article-title":"Evaluation of the visual function in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome patients and normal-tension glaucoma by means of the multifocal visual evoked potentials. Graefe\u2019s archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle","volume":"250","author":"E Gutierrez-Diaz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmologie"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0266483.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000000728","article-title":"Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Neuro-Ophthalmology","volume":"39","author":"B Wong","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0266483.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.2766","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea and nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy: evidence for an association","volume":"9","author":"EL Archer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0266483.ref013","first-page":"522","article-title":"Ophthalmic Diseases in Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea","volume":"116","author":"L Skorin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Osteopath Assoc"},{"key":"pone.0266483.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.05.003","article-title":"Diseases of the retina and the optic nerve associated with obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"38","author":"M Mentek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0266483.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001467","article-title":"Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Keratoconus: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"97","author":"M Pellegrini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0266483.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-017-0006-y","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnoea","volume":"32","author":"SD West","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0266483.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.10.002","article-title":"Floppy eyelid syndrome: A comprehensive review","volume":"18","author":"R Salinas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0266483.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000001509","article-title":"Obstructive Sleep Apnea Assessed by Overnight Polysomnography in Patients With Keratoconus","volume":"37","author":"E Pedrotti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0266483.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e31824a2040","article-title":"The effect of continuous positive airway pressure treatment for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome on the ocular surface","volume":"31","author":"E Hayirci","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0266483.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6105","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22425","article-title":"Tear Levels of Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 Correlate With Subbasal Nerve Plexus Changes in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"58","author":"WL Stuard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0266483.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2008.150615","article-title":"In vivo confocal microscopy of human corneal nerves in health, in ocular and systemic disease, and following corneal surgery: a review","volume":"93","author":"DV Patel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"pone.0266483.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2019.05.003","article-title":"corneal nerves in health and disease","volume":"73","author":"MA Al-Aqaba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0266483.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(15)00136-9","article-title":"New ophthalmic imaging tecnhniques for detectin and monitoring of neurodegenerative changes in diabetes: a systemic review","volume":"3","author":"EE De Clerck","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0266483.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.09.003","article-title":"Corneal nerves in diabetes-The role of the in vivo corneal confocal microscopy of the subbasal nerve plexus in the assessment of peripheral small fiber neuropathy","volume":"66","author":"C Licitra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"pone.0266483.ref025","first-page":"951081","article-title":"In Vivo Confocal Microscopy of the Human Cornea in the Assessment of Peripheral Neuropathy and Systemic Diseases","volume":"2015","author":"EF Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0266483.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-013-0390-z","article-title":"Corneal confocal microscopy: a new technique for early detection of diabetic neuropathy","volume":"13","author":"N Papanas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"key":"pone.0266483.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2017.11.026","article-title":"Corneal confocal microscopy as a non-invasive test to assess diabetic peripheral neuropathy","volume":"136","author":"Q Xiong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0266483.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-003-1086-8","article-title":"Corneal confocal microscopy: a non-invasive surrogate of nerve fibre damage and repair in diabetic patients","volume":"46","author":"RA Malik","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0266483.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-0124(11)70006-4","article-title":"Corneal markers of diabetic neuropathy","volume":"9","author":"N Pritchard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0266483.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8067","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10826","article-title":"Early loss of innervation of cornea epithelium in streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic rats: improvement with ilepatril treatment","volume":"53","author":"EP Davidson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0266483.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2016.1266661","article-title":"Peripapillary Choroidal Thickness and Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer in Untreated Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea-Hypopnea Syndrome: A Case-Control Study","volume":"42","author":"S Yazgan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Current eye research"},{"key":"pone.0266483.ref032","article-title":"The relation between retrobulbar blood flow and posterior ocular changes measured using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome","author":"H Findik","year":"2018","journal-title":"International ophthalmology"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0266483.ref033","first-page":"1651","article-title":"Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness changes in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: a systematic review and Meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"JS Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"International journal of ophthalmology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0266483.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.5935\/0004-2749.20160070","article-title":"Evaluation of posterior ocular changes using enhanced depth imaging-optical coherence tomography in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome","volume":"79","author":"I Yuvaci","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arquivos brasileiros de oftalmologia"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0266483.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e413","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000000349","article-title":"Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness: A Meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"XJ Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of glaucoma"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0266483.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000745","article-title":"Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness Alteration in Apneic Children","volume":"93","author":"A Simsek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Optometry and vision science: official publication of the American Academy of Optometry"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0266483.ref037","first-page":"704","article-title":"Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness changes in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: one year follow-up results","volume":"7","author":"MO Zengin","year":"2014","journal-title":"International journal of ophthalmology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0266483.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.12145","article-title":"Retinal nerve fibre layer thickness measurements by optical coherence tomography in patients with sleep apnoea syndrome","volume":"42","author":"O Sagiv","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clinical & experimental ophthalmology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0266483.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2012.07.004","article-title":"Retinal nerve fiber thickness is reduced in sleep apnea syndrome","volume":"14","author":"S Moghimi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sleep medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0266483.ref040","first-page":"585","article-title":"Decreased retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in patients with obstructive sleep apnea\/hypopnea syndrome. Graefe\u2019s archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle","volume":"249","author":"PW Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmologie"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0266483.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ijg.0000243472.51461.24","article-title":"Prevalence of normal tension glaucoma in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome patients","volume":"16","author":"M Sergi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of glaucoma"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0266483.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6701582","article-title":"Retinal nerve fibre layer measurements are reduced in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome","volume":"19","author":"SH Kargi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0266483.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-014-0978-9","article-title":"Changes of visual field and optic nerve fiber layer in patients with OSAS","volume":"19","author":"C Xin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0266483.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.12384","article-title":"Evaluation of the macular choroidal thickness using spectral optical coherence tomography in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome","volume":"43","author":"HA Bayhan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clinical & experimental ophthalmology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0266483.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.2016.1159118","article-title":"Retina nerve fiber layer and choroidal thickness changes in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome","volume":"128","author":"G Ozge","year":"2016","journal-title":"Postgraduate medicine"},{"issue":"32","key":"pone.0266483.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4499","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000004499","article-title":"Decreased retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: A meta-analysis","volume":"95","author":"CL Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0266483.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2016.1238942","article-title":"Changes of Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"42","author":"W Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Current eye research"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0266483.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-007-0656-8","article-title":"Ocular blood flow in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS).","volume":"246","author":"S Karakucuk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0266483.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.165.4.447","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes, glycemic control, and continuous positive airway pressure in obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"165","author":"AR Babu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0266483.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.15-0903","article-title":"STOP-Bang Questionnaire: A Practical Approach to Screen for Obstructive Sleep Apnea","volume":"149","author":"F Chung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0266483.ref051","first-page":"667","article-title":"Sleep-relatd breathing disorders in adults: recommendations for synddrome definition and measurement techniques in clinical research","volume":"22","year":"1999","journal-title":"The Report of an American Academy of Sleep Medicine Task Force. Sleep"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0266483.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199206000-00024","article-title":"Recent developments in pulse oximetry","volume":"76","author":"JW Severinghaus","year":"1992","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0266483.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0b013e3181bdc435","article-title":"Remote-Controlled Scanning and Automated Confocal Microscopy Through-Focusing using a Modified HRT Rostock Corneal Module","volume":"35","author":"WM Petroll","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eye & contact lens"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0266483.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2015.05.002","article-title":"In Vivo Confocal Microscopy of the Cornea: New Developments in Image Acquisition, Reconstruction, and Analysis Using the HRT-Rostock Corneal Module","volume":"13","author":"WM Petroll","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"pone.0266483.ref055","author":"National Heart L, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services","journal-title":"Aim for a healthy weight: calculate your body mass index"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0266483.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-018-0728-z","article-title":"Visual field defects and retinal nerve fiber imaging in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and in healthy controls","volume":"18","author":"P Casas","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC ophthalmology"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0266483.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e213","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000001834","article-title":"Evaluation of Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer, Ganglion Cell-Inner Plexiform Layer, and Optic Nerve Head in Glaucoma Suspects With Varying Myopia","volume":"30","author":"GD Miller","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Glaucoma"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0266483.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-020-04992-4","article-title":"Retinal nerve fiber layer changes in migraine: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"42","author":"X Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0266483.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-021-02158-0","article-title":"Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in multiple sclerosis with and without optic neuritis: a four-year follow-up study from Oman","volume":"21","author":"AS Al-Mujaini","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0266483.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4023","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10094-0","article-title":"The specific pattern of retinal nerve fiber layer thinning in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"268","author":"L Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"pone.0266483.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584244","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2020.584244","article-title":"The Relationship Between Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness and Clinical Symptoms of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"12","author":"TH Lian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci."},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0266483.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0256131","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256131","article-title":"Association of high myopia with peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer in patients with hypertension","volume":"16","author":"MW Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0266483.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2824","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-19220","article-title":"Continuous Intraocular Pressure Monitoring During Nocturnal Sleep in Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome","volume":"57","author":"Y Shinmei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Investigative ophthalmology & visual science"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0266483.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0b013e3181f3eb81","article-title":"Normal tension glaucoma in patients with obstructive sleep apnea\/hypopnea syndrome","volume":"20","author":"PW Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of glaucoma"},{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0266483.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.14.1906","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea: implications for cardiac and vascular disease","volume":"290","author":"AS Shamsuzzaman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Jama"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0266483.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e105261","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105261","article-title":"Global brain blood-oxygen level responses to autonomic challenges in obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"9","author":"PM Macey","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0266483.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.95.2.279","article-title":"Intracranial pressure and obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"95","author":"P Jennum","year":"1989","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0266483.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(85)90033-1","article-title":"Marked episodic elevation of cerebrospinal fluid pressure during nocturnal sleep in patients with sleep apnea hypersomnia syndrome","volume":"60","author":"Y Sugita","year":"1985","journal-title":"Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0266483.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3506","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-21414","article-title":"Reduced Retinal Vessel Density in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome Patients: An Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Study","volume":"58","author":"J Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Investigative ophthalmology & visual science"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0266483.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-199917010-00010","article-title":"Effects of obstructive sleep apnea on endothelin-1 and blood pressure","volume":"17","author":"BG Phillips","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0266483.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e31824a2040","article-title":"The Effect of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Treatment for Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome on the Ocular Surface","volume":"31","author":"E Hayirci","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0266483.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-013-1006-z","article-title":"Predictive performance of the STOP-Bang score for identifying obstructive sleep apnea in obese patients","volume":"23","author":"F Chung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obesity surgery"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0266483.ref073","first-page":"812","article-title":"STOP QuestionnaireA Tool to Screen Patients for Obstructive Sleep Apnea","volume":"108","author":"FRCPCF Chung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0266483","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]],"date-time":"2022-06-30T17:36:30Z","timestamp":1656610590000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0266483"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Rayaz A.","family":"Malik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0266483","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]]}}}