{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T17:38:27Z","timestamp":1784914707923,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649721600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31872604"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31872604"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA"},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2020YFD0900301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFD0900301"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Our understanding of interactions among intestinal helminths, gut microbiota and host is still in its infancy in fish. In this study, the effects of<jats:italic>Schyzocotyle acheilognathi<\/jats:italic>infection on the intestinal microbiota, growth and immune reactions of grass carp were explored under laboratory conditions. 16S rDNA amplification sequencing results showed that<jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>acheilognathi<\/jats:italic>infection altered the composition of intestinal microbiota only at the genus level, with a significant increase in the relative abundance of<jats:italic>Turicibacter<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Ruminococcus<\/jats:italic>(<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.05) and a significant decrease in the relative abundance of<jats:italic>Gordonia<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Mycobacterium<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Pseudocanthomonas<\/jats:italic>(<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.05).<jats:italic>Schyzocotyle acheilognathi<\/jats:italic>infection had no significant effect (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&gt; 0.05) on the alpha diversity indices (including Chao1, ACE, Shannon, Simpson index) of intestinal microbiota in grass carp, but PERMANOVA analysis showed that microbial structure significantly (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.01) differed between hindgut and foregut. PICRUST prediction showed that some metabolism-related pathways were significantly changed after<jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>acheilognathi<\/jats:italic>infection. The relative abundance of<jats:italic>Turicibacter<\/jats:italic>was positively correlated with the fresh weight of tapeworm (foregut:<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>= 0.48,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.044; hindgut:<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>= 0.63,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.005). There was no significant difference in the body condition of grass carp between the<jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>acheilognathi<\/jats:italic>infected group and the uninfected group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&gt; 0.05). Intestinal tissue section with HE staining showed that<jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>acheilognathi<\/jats:italic>infection severely damaged the intestinal villi, causing serious degeneration, necrosis and shedding of intestinal epithelial cells. The real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR results showed that<jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>acheilognathi<\/jats:italic>infection upregulated the mRNA expression of the immune-related genes:<jats:italic>Gal1<\/jats:italic>\u2212<jats:italic>L2<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>TGF<\/jats:italic>\u2212<jats:italic>\u03b21<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>IgM<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0266766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T17:25:37Z","timestamp":1649784337000},"page":"e0266766","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Effects of Schyzocotyle acheilognathi (Yamaguti, 1934) infection on the intestinal microbiota, growth and immune reactions of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1644-2279","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pei P.","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shan G.","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gui T.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7016-4535","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wen X.","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0266766.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.04.004","article-title":"This gut ain\u2019t big enough for both of us. 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