{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T03:29:29Z","timestamp":1789270169896,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649808000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000867","name":"Robert Wood Johnson Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["78304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["78304"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000867","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2R25DA037190-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2R25DA037190-06"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000133","name":"Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5T32HS000032-33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5T32HS000032-33"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000133","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>COVID-19 and mass incarceration are closely intertwined with prisons having COVID-19 case rates much higher than the general population. COVID-19 has highlighted the relationship between incarceration and health, but prior work has not explored how COVID-19 spread in communities have influenced case rates in prisons. Our objective was to understand the relationship between COVID-19 case rates in the general population and prisons located in the same county.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Using North Carolina\u2019s (NC) Department of Health and Human Services data, this analysis examines all COVID-19 tests conducted in NC from June-August 2020. Using interrupted time series analysis, we assessed the relationship between substantial community spread (50\/100,000 detected in the last seven days) and active COVID-19 case rates (cases detected in the past 14 days\/100,000) within prisons.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>From June-August 2020, NC ordered 29,605 tests from prisons and detected 1,639 cases. The mean case rates were 215 and 427 per 100,000 in the general and incarcerated population, respectively. Once counties reached substantial COVID-19 spread, the COVID-19 prison case rate increased by 118.55 cases per 100,000 (95% CI: -3.71, 240.81).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Community COVID-19 spread contributes to COVID-19 case rates in prisons. In counties with prisons, community spread should be closely monitored. Stringent measures within prisons (e.g., vaccination) and decarceration should be prioritized to prevent COVID-19 outbreaks.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0266772","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T17:49:49Z","timestamp":1649872189000},"page":"e0266772","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["COVID-19 community spread and consequences for prison case rates"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1754-1730","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Katherine","family":"LeMasters","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shabbar","family":"Ranapurwala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3436-7359","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Morgan","family":"Maner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn M.","family":"Nowotny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meghan","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Brinkley-Rubinstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0266772.ref001","article-title":"The COVID Prison Project","year":"2020","journal-title":"The COVID Prison Project"},{"key":"pone.0266772.ref002","article-title":"COVID-19 Cases and Deaths in Federal and State Prisons","author":"B. 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Med."},{"key":"pone.0266772.ref005","article-title":"Disparities in Deaths from COVID-19","author":"The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2020"},{"key":"pone.0266772.ref006","article-title":"Report to the United Nations on Racial Disparities in the U.S. Criminal Justice System","author":"The Sentencing Project","year":"2018"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0266772.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-015-1260-2","article-title":"Syndemics and Health Disparities: A Methodological Note","volume":"20","author":"A. C. Tsai","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0266772.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2020.00652","article-title":"Incarceration And Its Disseminations: COVID-19 Pandemic Lessons From Chicago\u2019s Cook County Jail","volume":"39","author":"E. Reinhart","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Aff."},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0266772.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18136873","article-title":"Is There a Temporal Relationship between COVID-19 Infections among Prison Staff, Incarcerated Persons and the Larger Community in the United States?","volume":"18","author":"D. Wallace","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0266772.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11077-0","article-title":"Risk of COVID-19 infection among prison staff in the United States","volume":"21","author":"K. M. Nowotny","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0266772.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7013a2","article-title":"Community-Associated Outbreak of COVID-19 in a Correctional Facility\u2014Utah, September 2020-January 2021","volume":"70","author":"N. M. Lewis","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0266772.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2021.306237","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Correctional Staff in the Federal Bureau of Prisons","volume":"111","author":"R. L. Toblin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0266772.ref013","article-title":"States of emergency: The failure of prison system responses to COVID-19","author":"T. Herring","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prison Policy Initiative"},{"key":"pone.0266772.ref014","author":"J. Hibbard","year":"2020","journal-title":"NC NAACP v. Cooper"},{"key":"pone.0266772.ref015","article-title":"Judge: NC prisons out of compliance with court orders","author":"J. Wilkie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carolina Public Press"},{"key":"pone.0266772.ref016","article-title":"Prisons Begins COVID-19 Testing of All Offenders","author":"North Carolina Department of Public Safety","year":"2020"},{"key":"pone.0266772.ref017","article-title":"Adult Correction Actions on COVID-19","author":"North Carolina Department of Public Safety","year":"2020"},{"key":"pone.0266772.ref018","article-title":"2019 National and State Population Estimates.","author":"American Community Survey","year":"2019","journal-title":"U.S. Census Bureau"},{"key":"pone.0266772.ref019","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vera Institute of JusticePeople in Prison 2021"},{"key":"pone.0266772.ref020","article-title":"COVID-19 Integrated County View","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0266772.ref021","first-page":"348","article-title":"Interrupted time series regression for the evaluation of public health interventions: a tutorial","volume":"46","author":"J. 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Offender."},{"key":"pone.0266772.ref025","article-title":"With the majority of corrections officers declining the COVID-19 vaccine, incarcerated people are still at serious risk","author":"W. Bertram","year":"2021"},{"key":"pone.0266772.ref026","article-title":"Vaccinations","author":"North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services","year":"2021"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0266772.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2020.305707","article-title":"COVID-19 Exposes Need for Progressive Criminal Justice Reform","volume":"110","author":"K. Nowotny","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0266772.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e571","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30231-0","article-title":"COVID-19 and mass incarceration: a call for urgent action","volume":"5","author":"A. Macmadu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Public Heal."}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0266772","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T17:50:17Z","timestamp":1649872217000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0266772"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Steph","family":"Scott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0266772","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]]}}}