{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T16:43:30Z","timestamp":1757781810500,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]],"date-time":"2022-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Interpretation of clinical trial results testing vaginal microbicide gels for HIV prevention depends on participant adherence. Prior to the era of antiretrovirals, microbicide trials collected adherence data via self-report, and trials typically reported trial population adherence as overall averages in primary results manuscripts. This study first sought to determine if different patterns of adherence from three trials of vaginal microbicide gels could be identified, using self-reported data and if so, how those patterns compare across trials. The second objective was to explore which individual-level factors were associated with different adherence patterns.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Data from the following three clinical trials of vaginal microbicides were used for this study: HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN) 035 testing PRO 2000 and Buffergel, the Microbicides Development Programme (MDP) 301 testing PRO 2000, and the Population Council\u2019s Carraguard study, testing Carraguard gel. Latent Class Analysis (LCA) was used to identify longitudinal patterns of adherence using self-reported data about gel use. Multinomial multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate relative risk-ratios for factors which were independently associated with different latent adherence trajectories within each trial, and compared across trials.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Included in this analysis are 2,282 women from HPTN 035 (age 17\u201356 years), 6238 women from MDP 301 (age 16\u201375 years), and 6039 women from Carraguard (age 16\u201373 years). Using LCA, 3\u20134 different patterns of gel adherence were identified in each trial; these patterns were similar across the trials. Factors associated with adherence patterns were identified in all trials. Older age was associated with the adherence trajectory that consistently reported gel use in three trials. Participant-reported negative reaction of partners to the gel was associated with trajectories that reported less consistent adherence in two trials. A greater number of baseline-reported sex partners or sex acts was associated with trajectories which reported less consistent adherence in some trials. Trial site location was associated with membership of trajectories in all trials.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>LCA was able to identify patterns of microbicide gel adherence in clinical trials that used self-reported data. Key factors associated with patterns of adherence in this study were participant age, clinical trial site location, and partner reaction to the study gel. These findings, in particular, age and perceived partner reaction to the method, are consistent with results from other clinical trials and programmatic rollout of biomedical HIV prevention methods for women in Africa. This study contributes to the body of evidence that women need more support to navigate power dynamics within their relationships with men so that they can successfully use HIV prevention methods.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0267011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]],"date-time":"2022-05-12T17:44:20Z","timestamp":1652377460000},"page":"e0267011","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Hidden heterogeneity: Uncovering patterns of adherence in microbicide trials for HIV prevention"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6338-9349","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lori","family":"Miller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5001-0061","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David","family":"Prieto Merino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathy","family":"Baisley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Hayes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9654","key":"pone.0267011.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61842-5","article-title":"Efficacy of Carraguard for prevention of HIV infection in women in South Africa: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"372","author":"S Skoler-Karpoff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0267011.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1402269","article-title":"Tenofovir-Based Preexposure Prophylaxis for HIV Infection among African Women","volume":"372","author":"J Marrazzo","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"pone.0267011.ref003","unstructured":"Rees H, Delany-moretlwe S, Lombard C, Baron D, Panchia R, Myer L, et al. 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