{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T21:25:29Z","timestamp":1781645129594,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]],"date-time":"2022-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Interreg 2 Seas Mers Zee\u00ebn","award":["2S05-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2S05-002"]}]},{"name":"Province Antwerp Service for Europe, Department of Economy, Local Policies and Europe","award":["BBSPATH 1564468860780"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BBSPATH 1564468860780"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic is likely to influence psychological health of pregnant and postpartum women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec002\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a non-concurrent cross-sectional study among 1145 women living in the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium, 541 pregnant and 604 postpartum women. We measured psychological health with the Whooley questions, Generalized Anxiety Disorder 2-item (GAD-2) and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and compared the scores of pregnant and postpartum women before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec003\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>No differences were observed in the Whooley, GAD-2 or EPDS scores among pregnant women. The postpartum total GAD-2 scores before<jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>during the pandemic showed significant differences. Controlling for confounders, we observed a small main positive effect of having an infant during time of COVID-19 (<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>(1.13) = 5.06,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>.025,<jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>.27). The effect was significantly larger for women with (a history of) perinatal psychological problems (<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>(1.12) = 51.44,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt; .001,<jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>.82). Emotional support was significantly related to GAD-2 scores of postpartum women during the pandemic (<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>(1.90) = 35.54,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt; .001). Postpartum women reported significant higher effects of the pandemic on their behavior compared to pregnant women (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>.034).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec004\"><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic seems to have a positive effect on postpartum women during the first year postpartum, in particular for women with (a history of) perinatal psychological problems and for those women who experienced emotional support. The findings suggest that less external stimuli caused by lockdown restrictions might have a positive effect on postpartum women\u2019s emotional wellbeing. The sample consisted of white, educated women in a relationship and information regarding the extent of exposure to adverse COVID-19 consequences was lacking. We relied on self-selection and self-report. The postpartum pandemic sample was small.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0267042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]],"date-time":"2022-04-14T17:27:47Z","timestamp":1649957267000},"page":"e0267042","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Psychological health of pregnant and postpartum women before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4200-0522","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yvonne J.","family":"Kuipers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6534-7169","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Roxanne","family":"Bleijenbergh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Van den Branden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7917-4684","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yannic","family":"van Gils","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Rimaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Brosens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Astrid","family":"Claerbout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eveline","family":"Mestdagh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0267042.ref001","first-page":"1","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic and maternal mental health: a systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"K Hessami","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine"},{"key":"pone.0267042.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720005504","article-title":"Maternal mental health during the COVID-19 lockdown in China, Italy, and the Netherlands: a cross-validation study","author":"J Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"pone.0267042.ref003","unstructured":"B-OSS. 2021. 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