{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T22:02:06Z","timestamp":1768514526023,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,15]],"date-time":"2022-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649980800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We investigated the effect of luminance on refraction and visual function under twilight conditions.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Twenty young adults (mean age 20.5 \u00b1 0.5 years) without ocular diseases and 20 eyes were included in the study. Subjective and objective spherical equivalent power (SE), logMAR, pupil diameter, ocular aberration, and ocular axial length were evaluated. Measurements were conducted in a light room with high luminance (300 cd\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) targets (photopic), in a dark room with low luminance (10 cd\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) targets (twilight), and a dark room after 15 min of adaptation to low luminance (10 cd\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) targets (after adaptation: AA). Differences between the three conditions were analyzed using the Friedman test and Scheffe\u2019s multiple comparisons.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The results of logMAR were -0.20 \u00b1 0.07, -0.08 \u00b1 0.08, and -0.11 \u00b1 0.08 in photopic, twilight, and AA, respectively, with significant differences between photopic and twilight (p &lt; 0.001) and between photopic and AA (p &lt; 0.001). Then subjective SE were -3.58 \u00b1 2.04 D, -3.75 \u00b1 2.08 D, and -3.74 \u00b1 2.04 D in photopic, twilight, and AA, respectively, with significant differences between photopic and twilight (p = 0.007) and photopic and AA (p = 0.023). However, none of the other objective SEs produced a significant difference (p = 0.63). The pupil diameter and ocular aberration changed significantly in all conditions (p &lt; 0.001).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Subjective myopic refraction increased and visual resolution decreased in younger subjects. However, this change in refraction is less than one level (\u00b10.25 D) in clinical optometry, so fully corrected eyeglasses are important when assuming refraction in twilight, and there is no need for additional correction.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0267149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,15]],"date-time":"2022-04-15T17:29:36Z","timestamp":1650043776000},"page":"e0267149","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Refractive and visual function changes in twilight conditions"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9311-3842","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tatsuya","family":"Iizuka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takushi","family":"Kawamorita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomoya","family":"Handa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hitoshi","family":"Ishikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0267149.ref001","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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