{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T06:00:16Z","timestamp":1790834416584,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]],"date-time":"2022-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Flandres Government, BICMINS project"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Although blood transfusion is an intervention that saves lives, it poses significant risks to the blood receivers, including the transmission of bloodborne pathogens. We aimed at determining the prevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Hepatitis B virus (HBV), and Hepatitis C virus (HCV) in candidates approved for blood donation, and in samples considered to be negative in reference blood banks in Mozambique.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A cross-sectional study was performed between November 2014 and October 2015 in Maputo and Beira cities. Demographic information was obtained from all consenting blood donors using a structured questionnaire. Plasma samples were screened for HIVAb\/Ag combinations, HBsAg and Anti-HCV. Blood donors considered to be negative by serological testing were re-tested in pools of six plasma samples using nucleic acid testing (NAT).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Most blood donors were male 2,320 (83.4%) with an age range of 18 to 34 years. The overall seroprevalence of HIV, HBV and HCV infections among blood donors approved for donation was 4.6% (127; 95% CI 3.8\u20135.4), 4.5% (124; 95% CI 3.7\u20135.3) and 0.4% (11; 95% CI 0.2\u20130.7), respectively. The overall frequency by NAT of HIV RNA, HBV DNA, and HCV RNA in serologically negative blood donor samples was 2.6 per 1000 blood donors (7; 95% CI 1.1\u20135.4); 12.5 per 1000 blood donors (33; 95% CI 8.6\u201317.5) and 2.6 per 1000 blood donors (6; 95% CI 1.0\u20135.7), respectively.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Our results show high seroprevalence of HIV and HBV infections in blood donors approved for donation, and high frequency of molecular biomarkers of HIV, HBV, and HCV in blood considered to be safe. These results suggest the need for a new blood screening policy in Mozambique, including the use of NAT to detect infectious blood donations during the immunologically negative window.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0267472","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]],"date-time":"2022-04-28T18:17:42Z","timestamp":1651169862000},"page":"e0267472","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Nucleic acid testing identifies high prevalence of blood borne viruses among approved blood donors in Mozambique"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1848-4627","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"N\u00e9dio","family":"Mabunda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0005-3968","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Orvalho","family":"Augusto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Flora","family":"Zicai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Duaj\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Oficiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nalia","family":"Ismael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adolfo","family":"Vubil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9635-3585","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tuf\u00e1ria","family":"Muss\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2653-0037","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Milton","family":"Moraes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6880-6655","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ilesh","family":"Jani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0267472.ref001","volume-title":"19th WHO model list of essential medications (April 2015)","author":"WHO","year":"2015"},{"key":"pone.0267472.ref002","volume-title":"Global status report on blood safety and availability 2016","year":"2017"},{"key":"pone.0267472.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2012.03797.x","article-title":"Francophone African Group for Research in Blood Transfusion. Multinational assessment of blood-borne virus testing and transfusion safety on the African continent","volume":"53","author":"S. Laperche","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"pone.0267472.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.12327","article-title":"Screening for transfusion transmissible infections using rapid diagnostic tests in Africa: a potential hazard to blood safety?","volume":"110","author":"C Prugger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vox Sang"},{"key":"pone.0267472.ref005","first-page":"1171","volume-title":"The impact of Infectious Diseases on the Development of Africa. Handbook of Disease Burdens and Quality of Life Measures. Chapter: 66","author":"A. Boutayeb","year":"2010"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0267472.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1423-0410.2003.00311.x","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus-1 and hepatitis C virus RNA among South African blood donors: estimation of residual transfusion risk and yield of nucleic acid testing","volume":"85","author":"CT Fang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vox Sang"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0267472.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2009.02110.x","article-title":"Impact of individual-donation nucleic acid testing on risk of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus transmission by blood transfusion in South Africa","volume":"49","author":"M Vermeulen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"pone.0267472.ref008","unstructured":"Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade (MISAU), Instituto Nacional de Estat\u00edstica (INE), e ICF, 2015. Inqu\u00e9rito de Indicadores de Imuniza\u00e7\u00e3o, Mal\u00e1ria e HIV\/SIDA em Mo\u00e7ambique 2015. Maputo, Mo\u00e7ambique. Rockville, Maryland, EUA: INS, INE, e ICF. Available from https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/323747814_Mozambique_DHS_2015_2018_IMASIDA__Malaria_HIVAIDS_and_Immunization_Indicator_Survey_in_Mozambique_2018_IMASIDA_-_Inquerito_de_Indicadores_de_Imunizacao_Malaria_e_HIVSIDA."},{"key":"pone.0267472.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-11-141","article-title":"Seroprevalence of transfusion-transmissible infections and evaluation of the pre-donationscreening performance at the Provincial Hospital of Tete, Mozambique","volume":"11","author":"J Stokx","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0267472.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21010","article-title":"Use of replacement blood donors to study the epidemiology of major blood-borne viruses in the general population of Maputo, Mozambique. Cunha L, Plouzeau C, Ingrand P, Gudo JP, Ingrand I, Mondlane J, Beauchant M, Agius G","volume":"79","author":"L Cunha","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0267472.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2009.02100.x","article-title":"Serologic and molecular typing of human T-lymphotropic virus among blood donors in Maputo City, Mozambique","volume":"49","author":"ES Gudo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0267472.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0121452","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0121452","article-title":"Incidence of HIV and the Prevalence of HIV, Hepatitis B and Syphilis among Youths in Maputo, Mozambique: A Cohort Study","volume":"10","author":"EO Viegas","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"50","key":"pone.0267472.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6750a4","article-title":"Trends and Gaps in National Blood Transfusion Services\u201414 Sub-Saharan African Countries, 2014\u20132016","volume":"67","author":"U Kanagasabai","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"pone.0267472.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2413","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.12311","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus prevalence, incidence, and residual transmission risk in first-time and repeat blood donations in Zimbabwe: implications on blood safety","volume":"53","author":"T Mapako","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0267472.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13073","article-title":"High prevalence and poor linkage to care of transfusion-transmitted infections among blood donors in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania","volume":"26","author":"Z Mohamed","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0267472.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2004.04279.x","article-title":"Predonation screening of blood donors with rapid tests: implementation and efficacy of a novel approach to blood safety in resource-poor settings","volume":"45","author":"Owusu-Ofori Shirley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0267472.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.14497","article-title":"Pathogen reduction combined with rapid diagnostic tests to reduce the risk of transfusion-transmitted infections in Uganda","volume":"58","author":"K Butler Elissa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0267472.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.12620","article-title":"Pathogen reduction and blood transfusion safety in Africa: strengths, limitations and challenges of implementation in low-resource settings","volume":"113","author":"AD Ware","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vox Sang"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0267472.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2009.02444.x","article-title":"Kwame Asenso-Mensah, and Shirley Owusu-Ofori. Relative safety of first-time volunteer and replacement donors in West Africa","volume":"50","author":"Jean-Pierre Allain","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0267472.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.5581\/1516-8484.20110052","article-title":"Martinez EZ Evaluation of the return rate of volunteer blood donors","volume":"33","author":"F Louren\u00e7on Ade","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0267472.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmrv.2016.02.002","article-title":"How Can We Improve Retention of the First-Time Donor? A Systematic Review of the Current Evidence","volume":"30","author":"KL Bagot","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transfus Med Rev"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0267472.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2334","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.15286","article-title":"Does deferral for high-risk behaviors improve the safety of the blood supply?","volume":"59","author":"TT Gon\u00e7alez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"pone.0267472.ref023","first-page":"015","article-title":"Risk behavior among ineligible blood donors in a blood transfusion center (Burkina Faso)","volume":"4","author":"E Kafando","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Hematol Blood Transfus Disord"},{"key":"pone.0267472.ref024","first-page":"e20180432","article-title":"Mendrone-Junior A Detection of HIV-1 infections in blood donors during the pre-seroconversion window period in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","volume":"52","author":"N A Salles","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Trop"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0267472.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa040085","article-title":"Detection of HIV-1 and HCV infections among antibody-negative blood donors by nucleic acid-amplification testing","volume":"351","author":"SL Stramer","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"pone.0267472.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-014-0206-z","article-title":"Occult hepatitis B virus infection among blood donors in Colombia","volume":"11","author":"AW Rios-Ocampo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0267472.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0131912","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0131912","article-title":"Occult hepatitis B virus infection in Nigerian blood donors and hepatitis B virus transmission risks","volume":"10","author":"OO Oluyinka","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0267472.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tracli.2017.06.014","article-title":"Occult hepatitis B infection and transfusion-transmission risk","volume":"24","author":"D Candotti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transfus Clin Biol"},{"key":"pone.0267472.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e200006","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760200006","article-title":"Molecular and serological characterization of occult hepatitis B among blood donors in Maputo, Mozambique","volume":"115","author":"N Mabunda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0267472.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1423-0410.2011.01506.x","article-title":"International survey on NAT testing of blood donations: expanding implementation and yield from 1999 to 2009","volume":"102","author":"WK Roth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vox Sang"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0267472.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.14457","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of a new automated system for the detection of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and human immunodeficiency virus nucleic acid in blood and plasma donations","volume":"58","author":"SA Galel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transfusion"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0267472","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]],"date-time":"2022-04-28T18:18:22Z","timestamp":1651169902000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0267472"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Yury E.","family":"Khudyakov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0267472","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]]}}}