{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T20:08:12Z","timestamp":1792699692375,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]],"date-time":"2023-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684972800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Clinicians in areas where malaria and typhoid fever are co-endemic often treat infected patients irrationally, which may lead to the emergence of drug resistance and extra cost to patients. This study determined the proportion of febrile conditions attributable to either malaria and\/or typhoid fever and the susceptibility patterns of <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> spp. isolates to commonly used antimicrobial agents in Ghana.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>One hundred and fifty-seven (157) febrile patients attending the Ga West Municipal Hospital, Ghana, from February to May 2017 were sampled. Blood samples were collected for cultivation of pathogenic bacteria and the susceptibility of the <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> isolates to antimicrobial agents was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method with antibiotic discs on M\u00fcller Hinton agar plates. For each sample, conventional Widal test for the detection of <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> spp was done as well as blood film preparation for detection of <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> spp. Data on the socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of the study participants were collected using an android technology software kobo-collect by interview.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Of the total number of patients aged 2\u201337 years (median age = 6 years, IQR 3\u201311), 82 (52.2%) were females. The proportion of febrile patients with falciparum malaria was 57\/157 (36.3%), while <jats:italic>Salmonella typhi<\/jats:italic> O and H antigens were detected in 23\/157 (14.6%) of the samples. The detection rate of <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> spp in febrile patients was 10\/157 (6.4%). Malaria and typhoid fever coinfection using Widal test and blood culture was 9 (5.7%) and 3 (1.9%), respectively. The isolates were highly susceptible to cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, and amikacin but resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, co-trimoxazole, gentamicin, cefuroxime, chloramphenicol, and meropenem.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Salmonella spp<\/jats:italic> coinfections were only up to 1.9%, while malaria and typhoid fever, individually, were responsible for 36.3% and 6.4%, respectively. Treatment of febrile conditions must be based on laboratory findings in order not to expose patients to unnecessary side effects of antibiotics and reduce the emergence and spread of drug resistance against antibiotics.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0267528","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]],"date-time":"2023-05-25T17:22:39Z","timestamp":1685035359000},"page":"e0267528","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Malaria and typhoid fever among patients presenting with febrile illnesses in Ga West Municipality, Ghana"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Tanko","family":"Rufai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6489-167X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Enoch","family":"Aninagyei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwadwo Owusu","family":"Akuffo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian Teye-Muno","family":"Ayin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priscillia","family":"Nortey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reginald","family":"Quansah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis Samuel","family":"Cudjoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernest","family":"Tei-Maya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isaiah","family":"Osei Duah Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1747-0060","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anthony","family":"Danso-Appiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0267528.ref001","unstructured":"WHO. 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