{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T21:02:51Z","timestamp":1790542971520,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]],"date-time":"2022-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI127845"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI127845"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000061","name":"Fogarty International Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D43TW010923"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43TW010923"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K24AI141744"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K24AI141744"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Norovirus and sapovirus are important causes of childhood acute gastroenteritis (AGE). Breastfeeding prevents AGE generally; however, it is unknown if breastfeeding prevents AGE caused specifically by norovirus and sapovirus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We investigated the association between breastfeeding and norovirus or sapovirus AGE episodes in a birth cohort. Weekly data on breastfeeding and AGE episodes were captured during the first year of life. Stools were collected from children with AGE and tested by RT-qPCR for norovirus and sapovirus. Time-dependent Cox models estimated associations between weekly breastfeeding and time to first norovirus or sapovirus AGE.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From June 2017 to July 2018, 444 newborns were enrolled in the study. In the first year of life, 69 and 34 children experienced a norovirus and a sapovirus episode, respectively. Exclusive breastfeeding lasted a median of 2 weeks, and any breastfeeding lasted a median of 43 weeks. Breastfeeding in the last week did not prevent norovirus (HR: 1.09, 95% CI: 0.62, 1.92) or sapovirus (HR: 1.00, 95% CI: 0.82, 1.21) AGE in a given week, adjusting for household sanitation, consumption of high-risk foods, and mother\u2019s and child\u2019s histo-blood group phenotypes. Maternal secretor-positive phenotype was protective against norovirus AGE, whereas child\u2019s secretor-positive phenotype was a risk factor for norovirus AGE.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Exclusive breastfeeding in this population was short-lived, and no conclusions could be drawn about its potential to prevent norovirus or sapovirus AGE. Non-exclusive breastfeeding did not prevent norovirus or sapovirus AGE in the first year of life. However, maternal secretor-positive phenotype was associated with a reduced hazard of norovirus AGE.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0267689","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]],"date-time":"2022-10-14T13:55:36Z","timestamp":1665755736000},"page":"e0267689","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Association between breastfeeding, host genetic factors, and calicivirus gastroenteritis in a Nicaraguan birth cohort"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9004-0609","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nadja Alexandra","family":"Vielot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruthly","family":"Fran\u00e7ois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9106-1858","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Emilya","family":"Huseynova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2858-8152","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fredman","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9467-2438","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yaoska","family":"Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lester","family":"Gutierrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johan","family":"Nordgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1938-8012","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christian","family":"Toval-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Vilchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1530-3675","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jan","family":"Vinj\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvia","family":"Becker-Dreps","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9819-870X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Filemon","family":"Bucardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10142","key":"pone.0267689.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31128-0","article-title":"Viral gastroenteritis","volume":"392","author":"K B\u00e1nyai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0267689.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.48","article-title":"Human norovirus transmission and evolution in a changing world","volume":"14","author":"M De Graaf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0267689.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(19)30270-6","article-title":"Vinje. Sapovirus: an important cause of acute gastroenteritis in children","volume":"3","author":"S Becker-Dreps","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Heal"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0267689.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0169491","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169491","article-title":"Norovirus and Sapovirus Epidemiology and Strain Characteristics among Navajo and Apache Infants","volume":"12","author":"LR Grant","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0267689.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2017.05.016","article-title":"Patterns of Use of Human Papillomavirus and Other Adolescent Vaccines in the United States","volume":"61","author":"NA Vielot","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Adolesc Heal."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0267689.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2009.07.008","article-title":"Genetic diversity of sapovirus infections in Danish children 2005\u20132007","volume":"46","author":"CK Johnsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0267689.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20419","article-title":"A 5-year study of the prevalence and genetic diversity of human caliciviruses associated with sporadic cases of acute gastroenteritis in young children admitted to hospital in Melbourne, Australia (1998\u20132002)","volume":"77","author":"CD Kirkwood","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0267689.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1309","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30349-8","article-title":"Use of quantitative molecular diagnostic methods to assess the aetiology, burden, and clinical characteristics of diarrhoea in children in low-resource settings: a reanalysis of the MAL-ED cohort study","volume":"6","author":"JA Platts-Mills","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Heal"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0267689.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2021.11.017","article-title":"Breastfeeding in a Global Context: Epidemiology, Impact, and Future Directions.","volume":"44","author":"K North","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Ther [Internet]"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0267689.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofw172.521","article-title":"Burden of Norovirus Disease and Risk factors for Infection Among Children in Rural Guatemala","volume":"3","author":"D Olson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0267689.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit763","article-title":"Multiple Norovirus Infections in a Birth Cohort in a Peruvian Periurban Community","volume":"58","author":"M Saito","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0267689.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2573","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00505-08","article-title":"Pediatric norovirus diarrhea in Nicaragua","volume":"46","author":"F Bucardo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0267689.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006956","article-title":"Risk factors for childhood enteric infection in urban Maputo, Mozambique: A cross-sectional study","volume":"12","author":"J Knee","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0267689.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000002216","article-title":"Association of Maternal Secretor Status and Human Milk Oligosaccharides with Milk Microbiota: An Observational Pilot Study","volume":"68","author":"R Cabrera-Rubio","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0267689.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6124","DOI":"10.1021\/pr300769g","article-title":"Comprehensive profiles of human milk oligosaccharides yield highly sensitive and specific markers for determining secretor status in lactating mothers","volume":"11","author":"SM Totten","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0267689.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz072","article-title":"Effects of Child and Maternal Histo-Blood Group Antigen Status on Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Enteric Infections in Early Childhood","volume":"220","author":"JM Colston","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0267689.ref017","article-title":"Secretor status strongly influences the incidence of symptomatic norovirus infection in a genotype-dependent manner in a Nicaraguan birth cohort","author":"Y Reyes","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0267689.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1811.111581","article-title":"Susceptibility of children to sapovirus infections Nicaragua, 2005\u20132006","volume":"18","author":"F Bucardo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0267689.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e564","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(15)00151-5","article-title":"Pathogen-specific burdens of community diarrhoea in developing countries: A multisite birth cohort study (MAL-ED)","volume":"3","author":"JA Platts-Mills","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Heal"},{"key":"pone.0267689.ref020","article-title":"Development and assessment of molecular diagnostic tests for 15 enteropathogens causing childhood diarrhoea: A multicentre study","author":"J Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0267689.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu633","article-title":"Both lewis and secretor status mediate susceptibility to rotavirus infections in a rotavirus genotype-dependent manner","volume":"59","author":"J Nordgren","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0267689.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19718-y","article-title":"The Lewis A phenotype is a restriction factor for Rotateq and Rotarix vaccine-take in Nicaraguan children","volume":"8","author":"F Bucardo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"pone.0267689.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2013.05.006","article-title":"Acute Gastroenteritis","volume":"40","author":"NS Graves","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prim Care Clin Off Pr"},{"key":"pone.0267689.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2015.03.039","article-title":"Molecular characterization and genetic susceptibility of sapovirus in children with diarrhea in Burkina Faso","volume":"32","author":"A Matussek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0267689.ref025","first-page":"1","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of sapovirus in children living in the northwest amazon region","volume":"10","author":"MTB de Moraes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0267689.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-006-0883-z","article-title":"Binding activity of norovirus and sapovirus to histo-blood group antigens","volume":"152","author":"H Shirato-Horikoshi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"pone.0267689.ref027","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infant and Young Child Feeding [Internet]"},{"key":"pone.0267689.ref028","author":"UNICEF","year":"2021","journal-title":"Breastfeeding [Internet]"},{"issue":"e12474","key":"pone.0267689.ref029","first-page":"1","article-title":"Delivery mode and breastfeeding outcomes among new mothers in Nicaragua","volume":"14","author":"SN Kiani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Matern Child Nutr"},{"issue":"October","key":"pone.0267689.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2017.10.001","article-title":"Pediatric norovirus GII.4 infections in Nicaragua, 1999\u20132015","volume":"55","author":"F Bucardo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"pone.0267689.ref031","unstructured":"La Asemblea Nacional de la Republica de Nicaragua. Codigo del Trabajo (con sus reformas, adiciones, e interpretaci\u00f3n autentica) [Internet]. 1996 [cited 2022 Mar 7]. Available from: https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/dyn\/travail\/docs\/2190\/Labour\/Code.pdf"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0267689.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-016-1954-8","article-title":"Cultural Norms in Conflict: Breastfeeding Among Hispanic Immigrants in Rural Washington State","volume":"20","author":"S Hohl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Matern Child Heal J."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0267689.ref033","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evolution of breastfeeding indicators and early introduction of foods in Latin American and Caribbean countries in the decades of 1990, 2000 and 2010","volume":"17","author":"CAR Meira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int Breastfeed J."},{"key":"pone.0267689.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416041-5.00022-6","volume-title":"Foodborne Infections and Intoxications [Internet]","author":"A Hall","year":"2013","edition":"4"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0267689.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/v11030226","article-title":"Genetic susceptibility to human norovirus infection: An update","volume":"11","author":"J Nordgren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"pone.0267689.ref036","first-page":"27","article-title":"Norovirus-specific immunoglobulin A in breast milk for protection against norovirus-associated diarrhea among infants","author":"HKM Labayo","year":"2020","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0267689.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000003014","article-title":"Enhanced Protection against Diarrhea among Breastfed Infants of Nonsecretor Mothers","volume":"40","author":"D Muthumuni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0267689.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5855","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00317-16","article-title":"Human Norovirus Interactions with Histo-Blood Group Antigens and Human Milk Oligosaccharides","volume":"90","author":"H Schroten","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"pone.0267689.ref039","article-title":"Human Milk Oligosaccharides: The Journey Ahead","volume":"2019","author":"C Ray","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr (United Kingdom)."},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0267689.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwt077","article-title":"Identifying human milk glycans that inhibit norovirus binding using surface plasmon resonance","volume":"23","author":"J Shang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"pone.0267689.ref041","first-page":"125","article-title":"First detection of IgA against norovirus in breast milk","volume":"53","author":"K Makita","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Lab"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0267689.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000000207","article-title":"Norovirus GII.4 antibodies in breast milk and serum samples: Their role preventing virus-like particles binding to their receptors","volume":"33","author":"P Khodayar-Pardo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0267689.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2015.12.004","article-title":"Development and maturation of norovirus antibodies in childhood","volume":"18","author":"V Blazevic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0304878","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]],"date-time":"2024-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717113600000}}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0267689","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]],"date-time":"2022-10-14T13:56:21Z","timestamp":1665755781000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0267689"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Kentaro","family":"Tohma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0267689","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2022.04.14.22273890","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]]}}}