{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T18:08:47Z","timestamp":1760551727795,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]],"date-time":"2022-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polypharmacy may be considered as the customary practice to provide optimum care services to patients but inter resulted in augmented probability of multiple drug interaction. Keeping in view the importance of drug interaction possibility, this study was designed to evaluate the effect of ranitidine on pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin in the local population of Karachi, Pakistan. Amoxicillin and ranitidine are the most commonly prescribed drugs to treat duodenal ulcer caused by<jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>. The current investigation was carried out as a single center, open label, two phase, single dose, randomized way in cross over manner to evaluate the potential of pharmacokinetic interaction among amoxicillin formulation and ranitidine in adult healthy male volunteers. Post dosing blood samples were collected at multiple time points that are 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 10 hours after administering amoxicillin 250mg capsule with and without ranitidine. For estimation of amoxicillin concentration in plasma, an HPLC method was developed and validated. The solvent system consisted of 0.025M phosphate buffer: acetonitrile (94:6 v\/v). C18 column was employed with a flow rate of 1.0 ml\/minute and at 230nm. A linear pattern with a correlation coefficient of 0.999 in the concentration ranges of 25\u03bcg\/mL to 0.097\u03bcg\/mL for amoxicillin and 25\u03bcg\/mL to 0.048\u03bcg\/mL for ranitidine was observed. Amoxicillin retention time was about 8 minutes and ranitidine retention time was around 12 minutes. Amoxicillin levels were computed and the concentrations were applied to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated by Kinetica TM 4.4.1 (Thermo Electron Corp. USA). The analysis of variance (two way) and t test (two one sided) were applied on log transformed pharmacokinetic parameters of amoxicillin. The T<jats:sub><jats:italic>max<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>was determined between amoxicillin alone and amoxicillin with ranitidine by Friedman test. The 90% confidence interval values for C<jats:sub><jats:italic>max(calc)<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>(0.687\u20130.743) and T<jats:sub><jats:italic>max(calc)<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>(1.148\u20131.742) for amoxicillin with or without ranitidine were not found within the FDA acceptable limits of 0.8\u20131.25. Study demonstrated the significant reduction in peak plasma levels of amoxicillin in presence of ranitidine. It is advisable to administer both drugs with time interval to avoid such interactions and increases in the bactericidal efficacy of amoxicillin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0267791","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]],"date-time":"2022-05-24T17:29:13Z","timestamp":1653413353000},"page":"e0267791","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Evaluation of pharmacokinetic interactions of amoxicillin with ranitidine in healthy human volunteers of Karachi, Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0574-8424","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shaheen","family":"Perveen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shahnaz","family":"Gauhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rabia Ismail","family":"Yousuf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3256-9405","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Huma","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Farya","family":"Zafar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anab Fatima","family":"Sheikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0267791.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5154.113928","article-title":"Drug interactions in dermatology: What the dermatologist should know","volume":"58","author":"A Coondoo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian journal of 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