{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T07:24:45Z","timestamp":1778570685546,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,6]],"date-time":"2022-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["71871143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71871143"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Education Committee of Shanghai Municipality","award":["15SG41"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15SG41"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Since December 2019, COVID-19 began to spread throughout the world for nearly two years. During the epidemic, the travel intensity of most urban residents has dropped significantly, and they can only complete inflexible travel such as \"home to designated hospital\" and \"home to supermarket\" and some special commuting trips. While ensuring basic travel of residents under major public health emergency, there is also a problem of high risk of infection caused by exposure of the population to the public transport network. For the discipline of urban transport, how to use planning methods to promote public health and reduce the potential spread of diseases has become a common problem faced by the government, academia and industry.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Based on the mobility perspective of travel agents, the spatial analysis methods such as topological model of bus network structure, centrality model of public transport network and nuclear density analysis are used to obtain the exposure risk and spatial distribution characteristics of public transport from two aspects of bus stops and epidemic sites.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The overall spatial exposure risk of Wuhan city presents an obvious \"multi center circle\" structure at the level of bus stops. The high and relatively high risk stops are mainly transport hubs, shopping malls and other sites, accounting for 35.63%. The medium and low-risk stops are mainly the villages and communities outside the core areas of each administrative region, accounting for 64.37%. On the other hand, at the scale of epidemic sites, the coverage covers 4018 bus stops in Wuhan, accounting for 36.5% of all bus stops, and 169 bus lines, accounting for 39.9% of all routes. High risk epidemic sites are mainly concentrated in the core areas within the jurisdiction of Wuhan City, and in the direction of urban outer circle diffusion, they are mainly distributed in the low and medium risk epidemic sites. According to the difference of the risk level of public transport exposure, the hierarchical public transport control measures are formulated.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This paper proposes differentiated prevention and control countermeasures according to the difference of risk levels, and provides theoretical basis and decision-making reference for urban traffic management departments in emergency management and formulation of prevention and control countermeasures.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0267878","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,6]],"date-time":"2022-06-06T17:30:23Z","timestamp":1654536623000},"page":"e0267878","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Evaluation and prevention and control measures of urban public transport exposure risk under the influence of COVID-19\u2014Taking Wuhan as an example"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6594-7145","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Huan","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongcheng","family":"Gan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0267878.ref001","article-title":"A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019[J]","author":"N Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"10062","key":"pone.0267878.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2912","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30066-6","article-title":"City planning and population health: a global challenge[J]","volume":"388","author":"B Giles-Corti","year":"2016","journal-title":"The lancet"},{"issue":"10062","key":"pone.0267878.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2925","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30067-8","article-title":"Land use, transport, and population health: estimating the health benefits of compact cities[J]","volume":"388","author":"M Stevenson","year":"2016","journal-title":"The lancet"},{"issue":"10062","key":"pone.0267878.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2851","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31580-X","article-title":"Urban Design and Transport to Promote Healthy Lives[J]","volume":"388","author":"S Goenka","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0267878.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)01284-2","article-title":"Physical Activity in Relation to Urban Environments In 14 Cities Worldwide: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"387","author":"JF Sallis","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0267878.ref006","first-page":"320","article-title":"New Walking and Cycling Infrastructure and Modal Shift in the UK: A Quasi-Experimental Panel Study[J]","volume":"95","author":"Y Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transport Research Part A: Policy and Practice"},{"key":"pone.0267878.ref007","article-title":"Traffic management and control for emergency scenes in dynamic traffic environments[C]","author":"W Hongde","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Conference on Transport. IEEE"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0267878.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3031","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(02)00232-7","article-title":"Exposure chain of urban air PM2.5-associations between ambient fixed site, residential outdoor, indoor, workplace and personal exposures in four european cities in the expolis-study[J]","volume":"36","author":"A Kousa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0267878.ref009","first-page":"47","article-title":"Effects of lead, cadmium, arsenic, and mercury co-exposure on children\u2019s intelligence quotient in an industrialized area of southern china[J]","volume":"235","author":"X Pan S","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environmental Pollution"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0267878.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2012.10.098","article-title":"Quantifying human exposure to air pollution-moving from static monitoring to spatio-temporally resolved personal exposure assessment[J]","volume":"443","author":"s Steinle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0267878.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2016.10.002","article-title":"Individual exposure estimates may be erroneous when spatiotemporal variability of air pollution and human mobility are ignored[J]","volume":"43","author":"y. M Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health & Place"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0267878.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1245200","article-title":"The hidden geometry of complex, network-driven contagion phenomena[J]","volume":"342","author":"D Brockmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pone.0267878.ref013","article-title":"Spatial Dimensions of the Influence of Urban Green-Blue Spaces on Human Health: A Systematic Review[J]","author":"M Labib S","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environmental Research"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0267878.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1177\/0361198119847614","article-title":"A Novel Approach for Identifying, Diagnosing, and Treating Active Transport Safety Issues[J]","volume":"2673","author":"A Osama","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transport Research Record"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0267878.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1205146","article-title":"Association between long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution and subclinical atherosclerosis: the REGICOR study[J]","volume":"121","author":"M Rivera","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environmental Health Perspectives"},{"key":"pone.0267878.ref016","volume-title":"Density Estimation for Statistics and Data Analysis","author":"W. Silverman B","year":"1986"},{"key":"pone.0267878.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.01.021","article-title":"Exploring Links Between Greenspace and Sudden Unexpected Death: A Spatial Analysis[J]","volume":"113","author":"J Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environment International"},{"key":"pone.0267878.ref018","article-title":"Structure of Dimeric Full-Length Human ACE2 In Complex with B0AT1[J]","author":"Q Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0267878.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9020523","article-title":"Real-Time Estimation of the Risk of Death from Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Infection: Inference Using Exported Cases[J]","volume":"9","author":"S Jung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Medicine"},{"key":"pone.0267878.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3141\/1780-10","article-title":"Travel and The Built Environment","volume":"1780","author":"R Ewing","year":"2001","journal-title":"Transport Research Record"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0267878.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0002-9092.2004.600_2.x","article-title":"Geographically weighted regression: The analysis of spatially varying relationships","volume":"86","author":"P. Mcmillen D","year":"2004","journal-title":"American Journal of Agricultural Economics"},{"key":"pone.0267878.ref022","volume-title":"Geographically Weighted Regression: The Analysis of Spatially Varying Relationships[M]","author":"A. S Fotheringham","year":"2002"},{"key":"pone.0267878.ref023","first-page":"83","volume-title":"Bootstrap Cross-Validation Indices for PLS Path Model Assessment\/\/Handbook of partial least squares[M]","author":"W W. Chin","year":"2010"},{"key":"pone.0267878.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2785","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-019-02040-4","article-title":"Efficient measurement model for critical nodes based on edge clustering coefficients and edge betweenness","volume":"26","author":"YJ Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wireless Netw"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0267878.ref025","article-title":"Robustness evaluation for real traffic network from complex network perspective[J]","author":"L Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Modern Physics C"},{"key":"pone.0267878.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2017.02.002","article-title":"Influences of built environment characteristics and individual factors on commuting distance: A multilevel mixture hazard modeling approach[J]","author":"C Ding","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transport Research Part D-transport and Environment"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0267878.ref027","first-page":"89","article-title":"Identification method of bus exposure risk under public health emergencies: taking Shenzhen\u2019s fight against COVID-19 as an example [J]","volume":"31","author":"X F JI","year":"2021","journal-title":"China Safety Science Journal"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0267878.ref028","first-page":"1","article-title":"The strategy of urban public transport under the new crown pneumonia epidemic situation: a case study of Ningbo, China [J]","volume":"33","author":"B Zhou J","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of highway and transport"},{"key":"pone.0267878.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/ICUEMS50872.2020.00079","article-title":"Thoughts on the Construction of Urban Public Transport Emergency Prevention and Control System in China\u2014learning from the United States[C]\/\/","author":"Y. Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"2020 International Conference on Urban Engineering and Management Science (ICUEMS). IEEE"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0267878","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,6]],"date-time":"2022-06-06T17:31:04Z","timestamp":1654536664000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0267878"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Nan","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,6]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0267878","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,6]]}}}