{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T12:52:39Z","timestamp":1793105559384,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]],"date-time":"2022-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CNS-1831918"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNS-1831918"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FW-HTF CNS-2026614"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FW-HTF CNS-2026614"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Academy of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["316810"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["316810"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Academy of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["316811"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["316811"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Photoplethysmography (PPG) is a low-cost and easy-to-implement method to measure vital signs, including heart rate (HR) and pulse rate variability (PRV) which widely used as a substitute of heart rate variability (HRV). The method is used in various wearable devices. For example, Samsung smartwatches are PPG-based open-source wristbands used in remote well-being monitoring and fitness applications. However, PPG is highly susceptible to motion artifacts and environmental noise. A validation study is required to investigate the accuracy of PPG-based wearable devices in free-living conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We evaluate the accuracy of PPG signals\u2014collected by the Samsung Gear Sport smartwatch in free-living conditions\u2014in terms of HR and time-domain and frequency-domain HRV parameters against a medical-grade chest electrocardiogram (ECG) monitor.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted 24-hours monitoring using a Samsung Gear Sport smartwatch and a Shimmer3 ECG device. The monitoring included 28 participants (14 male and 14 female), where they engaged in their daily routines. We evaluated HR and HRV parameters during the sleep and awake time. The parameters extracted from the smartwatch were compared against the ECG reference. For the comparison, we employed the Pearson correlation coefficient, Bland-Altman plot, and linear regression methods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found a significantly high positive correlation between the smartwatch\u2019s and Shimmer ECG\u2019s HR, time-domain HRV, LF, and HF and a significant moderate positive correlation between the smartwatch\u2019s and shimmer ECG\u2019s LF\/HF during sleep time. The mean biases of HR, time-domain HRV, and LF\/HF were low, while the biases of LF and HF were moderate during sleep. The regression analysis showed low error variances of HR, AVNN, and pNN50, moderate error variances of SDNN, RMSSD, LF, and HF, and high error variances of LF\/HF during sleep. During the awake time, there was a significantly high positive correlation of AVNN and a moderate positive correlation of HR, while the other parameters indicated significantly low positive correlations. RMSSD and SDNN showed low mean biases, and the other parameters had moderate mean biases. In addition, AVNN had moderate error variance while the other parameters indicated high error variances.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Samsung smartwatch provides acceptable HR, time-domain HRV, LF, and HF parameters during sleep time. In contrast, during the awake time, AVNN and HR show satisfactory accuracy, and the other HRV parameters have high errors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0268361","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]],"date-time":"2022-12-08T13:26:40Z","timestamp":1670506000000},"page":"e0268361","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["A comprehensive accuracy assessment of Samsung smartwatch heart rate and heart rate variability"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5750-5793","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Sarhaddi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kianoosh","family":"Kazemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iman","family":"Azimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannakaisa","family":"Niela-Vil\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Axelin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pasi","family":"Liljeberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir M.","family":"Rahmani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0268361.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.7453\/gahmj.2014.073","article-title":"Heart rate variability: new perspectives on physiological mechanisms, assessment of self-regulatory capacity, and health risk","volume":"4","author":"R McCraty","year":"2015","journal-title":"Global advances in health and medicine"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0268361.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2007.02163.x","article-title":"The relationship of heart rate and heart rate variability to non-diabetic fasting glucose levels and the metabolic syndrome: The Cardiovascular Health Study","volume":"24","author":"P Stein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetic medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0268361.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0195166","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195166","article-title":"Heart rate variability in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta\u2013analysis","volume":"13","author":"T Benichou","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0268361.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvn.2004.06.003","article-title":"Relationships among heart rate variability, hypertension, and relaxation techniques","volume":"22","author":"S Terathongkum","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Vascular Nursing"},{"key":"pone.0268361.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00735","article-title":"Heart rate variability as indicator of clinical state in depression","volume":"9","author":"R Hartmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0268361.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2009.09.543","article-title":"The relationship of autonomic imbalance, heart rate variability and cardiovascular disease risk factors","volume":"141","author":"JF Thayer","year":"2010","journal-title":"International journal of cardiology"},{"key":"pone.0268361.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taelman J, Vandeput S, Spaepen A, Huffel SV. 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