{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T20:12:33Z","timestamp":1791576753702,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]],"date-time":"2022-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018547","name":"Amorepacific Corporation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020 AMOREPACIFIC Rising Dermatologist Research Support Program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020 AMOREPACIFIC Rising Dermatologist Research Support Program"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018547","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent studies have demonstrated that particulate matter (PM) can induce oxidative stress and inflammatory responses that are related to the development or exacerbation of several inflammatory dermatoses. However, the effect of PM on acne vulgaris has yet to be determined. In this study, we induced acne-like inflammation in HEKn cells with several concentrations of<jats:italic>Cutibacterium acnes (C<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>acnes)<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>peptidoglycan (PGN) to investigate whether PM exposure exacerbates acne-like inflammation and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. To confirm whether PM increases the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and protein levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-\u03b1) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression in<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>acnes-<\/jats:italic>or PGN-treated HEKn cells, we used quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and western blot assays. The results demonstrated that<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>acnes<\/jats:italic>, PGN, and PM induced the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in a time- and dose-dependent manner at the mRNA and protein levels, respectively. Moreover, PM further increased the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, COX2, TLR4, and the phosphorylation of NF-\u03baB in<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>acnes-<\/jats:italic>and PGN-treated HEKn cells. In conclusion, our results suggest that PM may exacerbate acne symptoms by increasing the inflammatory response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0268595","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]],"date-time":"2022-08-10T17:32:24Z","timestamp":1660152744000},"page":"e0268595","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Particulate matter increases Cutibacterium acnes-induced inflammation in human epidermal keratinocytes via the TLR4\/NF-\u03baB pathway"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Hyun Ha","family":"Noh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0479-8174","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sun Hye","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3201-6408","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yoon Jin","family":"Roh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nam Ju","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seong Jun","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kui Young","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0268595.ref001","first-page":"E90038","volume-title":"Global update 2005","author":"Organization WH. WHO","year":"2006"},{"key":"pone.0268595.ref002","volume-title":"Health aspects of air pollution: answers to follow-up questions from CAFE: report on a WHO working group meeting, Bonn, Germany, 15\u201316 January 2004","author":"WH Organization","year":"2004"},{"issue":"34","key":"pone.0268595.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42390","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-10574-w","article-title":"Inflammatory effects of particulate matter air pollution","volume":"27","author":"RD Arias-Perez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"issue":"21","key":"pone.0268595.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e3181dbece1","article-title":"Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease: An update to the scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"121","author":"RD Brook","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0268595.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1006\/enrs.1993.1083","article-title":"Particulate air pollution and chronic respiratory disease","volume":"62","author":"J. Schwartz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0268595.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.2020.32.6.496","article-title":"Effects of Particulate Matter in a Mouse Model of Oxazolone-Induced Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"32","author":"YJ Bae","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Dermatol"},{"key":"pone.0268595.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldg026","article-title":"Environmental effects and skin disease","volume":"68","author":"JS English","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"key":"pone.0268595.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2016.03.039","article-title":"Air pollution and skin diseases: Adverse effects of airborne particulate matter on various skin diseases","volume":"152","author":"KE Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0268595.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2010.10.010","article-title":"Acute health effects of urban fine and ultrafine particles on children with atopic dermatitis","volume":"111","author":"S Song","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0268595.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2719","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2010.204","article-title":"Airborne particle exposure and extrinsic skin aging","volume":"130","author":"A Vierkotter","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0268595.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-020-00366-y","article-title":"Impact of airborne particulate matter on skin: a systematic review from epidemiology to in vitro studies","volume":"17","author":"IM Dijkhoff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Part Fibre Toxicol"},{"issue":"9813","key":"pone.0268595.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60321-8","article-title":"Acne vulgaris","volume":"379","author":"HC Williams","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0268595.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.11.137","article-title":"Propionibacterium acnes: infection beyond the skin","volume":"9","author":"A Perry","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"pone.0268595.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S131323","article-title":"Pollution and acne: is there a link?","volume":"10","author":"J Krutmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0268595.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2009.00890.x","article-title":"New developments in our understanding of acne pathogenesis and treatment","volume":"18","author":"I Kurokawa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Experimental dermatology"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0268595.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4238","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.140.12.4238","article-title":"IL-1 induces IL-1. III. Specific inhibition of IL-1 production by IFN-gamma","volume":"140","author":"P Ghezzi","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0268595.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/S1357-2725(98)00152-6","article-title":"Cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 isoenzymes","volume":"31","author":"T Hla","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"pone.0268595.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.38.1.97","article-title":"Cyclooxygenases 1 and 2","volume":"38","author":"JR Vane","year":"1998","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0268595.ref019","first-page":"WC01","article-title":"Immunohistochemical Expression of Cyclo-oxygenase 2 and Liver X Receptor-alpha in Acne Vulgaris","volume":"11","author":"OA Bakry","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0268595.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000527","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000527","article-title":"Production of superoxide anions by keratinocytes initiates P. acnes-induced inflammation of the skin","volume":"5","author":"PA Grange","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0268595.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2004.03.006","article-title":"Acne: inflammation","volume":"22","author":"MD Farrar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0268595.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7629","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.121574098","article-title":"Abnormal differentiation of epidermis in transgenic mice constitutively expressing cyclooxygenase-2 in skin","volume":"98","author":"G Neufang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0268595.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2014.08.008","article-title":"Pollution and skin: from epidemiological and mechanistic studies to clinical implications","volume":"76","author":"J Krutmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Dermatol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0268595.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-1811(02)00013-0","article-title":"Propionibacterium acnes-induced IL-8 production may be mediated by NF-kappaB activation in human monocytes","volume":"29","author":"Q Chen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Dermatol Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0268595.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0804448","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 2 mediates inflammatory cytokine induction but not sensitization for liver injury by Propioni- bacterium acnes","volume":"78","author":"L Romics","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0268595.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2012.01525.x","article-title":"Novel anti-acne actions of nadifloxacin and clindamycin that inhibit the production of sebum, prostaglandin E(2) and promatrix metalloproteinase-2 in hamster sebocytes","volume":"39","author":"T Sato","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0268595.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.3.1535","article-title":"Activation of toll-like receptor 2 in acne triggers inflammatory cytokine responses","volume":"169","author":"J Kim","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0268595.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2008.237","article-title":"Glucocorticoids enhance Toll-like receptor 2 expression in human keratinocytes stimulated with Propionibacterium acnes or proinflammatory cytokines","volume":"129","author":"M Shibata","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0268595.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2015.12.024","article-title":"Staphylococcal LTA-Induced miR-143 Inhibits Propionibacterium acnes-Mediated Inflammatory Response in Skin","volume":"136","author":"X Xia","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0268595.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-202X.2005.23705.x","article-title":"Distinct strains of Propionibacterium acnes induce selective human beta-defensin-2 and interleukin-8 expression in human keratinocytes through toll-like receptors","volume":"124","author":"I Nagy","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"pone.0268595.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-016-2489-5","article-title":"Antagonism between Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes and its genomic basis","volume":"17","author":"GJ Christensen","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0268595.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1159\/000356777","article-title":"Analysis of facial skin-resident microbiota in Japanese acne patients","volume":"228","author":"S Numata","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0268595.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.2011.23.3.321","article-title":"Epidemiologic Study of Malassezia Yeasts in Acne Patients by Analysis of 26S rDNA PCR-RFLP","volume":"23","author":"YC Song","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Dermatol"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0268595","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]],"date-time":"2023-02-14T07:27:59Z","timestamp":1676359679000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0268595"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jyotshna","family":"Kanungo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0268595","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]]}}}