{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T22:43:15Z","timestamp":1773268995747,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":7,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]],"date-time":"2023-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006754","name":"Army Research Laboratory","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W911NF-14-2-0035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W911NF-14-2-0035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006754","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006754","name":"Army Research Laboratory","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W911NF-14-2-0035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W911NF-14-2-0035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006754","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006754","name":"Army Research Laboratory","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W911NF-14-2-0035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W911NF-14-2-0035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006754","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006754","name":"Army Research Laboratory","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W911NF-14-2-0035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W911NF-14-2-0035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006754","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Healthcare simulators have been demonstrated to be a valuable resource for training several technical and nontechnical skills. A gap in the fidelity of tissues has been acknowledged as a barrier to application for current simulators; especially for interventional procedures. Inaccurate or unrealistic mechanical response of a simulated tissue to a given surgical tool motion may result in negative training transfer and\/or prevents the \u201csuspension of disbelief\u201d necessary for a trainee to engage in the activity. Thus, where it is relevant to training outcomes, there should be an effort to create healthcare simulators with simulated tissue mechanical responses that match or represent those of biological tissues. Historically, this data is most often gathered from preserved (\n                      <jats:italic>post mortem<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) tissue; however, there is a concern that the mechanical properties of preserved tissue, that lacks blood flow, may lack adequate accuracy to provide the necessary training efficacy of simulators.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods and findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This work explores the effect of the \u201cstate\u201d of the tissue testing status on liver and peritoneal tissue by using a customized handheld grasper to measure the mechanical responses of representative porcine (\n                      <jats:italic>Sus domesticus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) tissues in\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 5 animals across five test conditions:\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>post mortem<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>in-situ<\/jats:italic>\n                      ),\n                      <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      (immediately removed from fresh porcine cadaver), post-refrigeration, and post-freeze-thaw cycle spanning up to 72 hours after death. No statistically significant difference was observed in the mechanical responses due to grasping between\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      and post-freeze conditions for porcine liver and peritoneum tissue samples (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.05 for derived stiffness at grasping force values F = 5N and 6.5N). Furthermore, variance between\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      and post-freeze conditions\n                      <jats:italic>within<\/jats:italic>\n                      each animal, was comparable to the variance of the\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      condition\n                      <jats:italic>between<\/jats:italic>\n                      animals.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Results of this study further validate the use of preserved tissue in the design of medical simulators via observing tissue mechanical responses of post-freeze tissue comparable to\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      tissue. Therefore, the use of thawed preserved tissue for the further study and emulation of mechanical perturbation of the liver and peritoneum can be considered. Further work in this area should investigate these trends further, particularly in regard to other tissues and the potential effects varying preservation methods may yield.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0268608","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]],"date-time":"2023-05-10T13:57:31Z","timestamp":1683727051000},"page":"e0268608","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Variability of tissue mechanical response in Sus Domesticus porcine models from in vivo to ex vivo conditions"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9664-1010","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Faizan A.","family":"Malik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6217-5653","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bradley A.","family":"Drahos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3505-5194","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amer M.","family":"Safdari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark V.","family":"Mazzeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jack E.","family":"Norfleet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert M.","family":"Sweet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6596-3324","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Timothy M.","family":"Kowalewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0268608.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2898712","article-title":"Biomechanical Properties of Abdominal Organs In Vivo and Postmortem Under Compression Loads","volume":"130","author":"J Rosen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Biomech Eng"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0268608.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2005.06.001","article-title":"Mechanical properties of the human uterine cervix: An in vivo study","volume":"10","author":"E Mazza","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med Image Anal"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0268608.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101007","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4002489","article-title":"Effect of Preservation Period on the Viscoelastic Material Properties of Soft Tissues With Implications for Liver Transplantation","volume":"132","author":"S. Ocal","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Biomech Eng"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0268608.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2005.07.005","article-title":"Effects of perfusion on the viscoelastic characteristics of liver","volume":"39","author":"AE Kerdok","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"pone.0268608.ref005","article-title":"Measuring In Vivo Animal Soft Tissue Properties for Haptic Modeling in Surgical Simulation","author":"I Brouwer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Medicine Meets Virtual Reality"},{"key":"pone.0268608.ref006","author":"A Safdari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Towards More Accurate Medical Simulation via Procedural Instrumentation"},{"key":"pone.0268608.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drahos B, Safdari A, Malik F, Smith R, Kubala M, Norfleet J, et al. Design of a handheld tissue grasping device to measure tissue mechanical properties in-vivo or in a laboratory setting. In: Frontiers in Biomedical Devices, BIOMED\u20142020 Design of Medical Devices Conference, DMD 2020. 2020.","DOI":"10.1115\/DMD2020-9089"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0268608","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]],"date-time":"2023-05-10T13:57:53Z","timestamp":1683727073000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0268608"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Carlos Alberto Antunes","family":"Viegas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]]},"references-count":7,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0268608","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2022.05.05.22274734","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]]}}}