{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T10:33:10Z","timestamp":1776853990722,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]],"date-time":"2022-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"General Research Fund, Research Grants Council, HKSAR","award":["PolyU 151001\/17M"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PolyU 151001\/17M"]}]},{"name":"Internal Research Grant, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, HKSAR","award":["UAG1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UAG1"]}]},{"name":"Internal Research Grant, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, HKSAR","award":["UAHD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UAHD"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to investigate whether use of a selective-blue-filtering (S-BF) lens can protect cultured primary porcine RPE cells against photo-irradiation. Transmittance of S-BF and UV-filtering (UVF) lenses was characterised spectrophotometrically. RPE cells were exposed to 1700 lux of white (peak \u03bb at 443 and 533 nm; 0.44 mW\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) or blue (peak \u03bb at 448 and 523 nm; 0.85 mW\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) LED light for 16 h to evaluate the influence of light source on the culture. The effect of the S-BF and UVF ophthalmic lenses on RPE cell cultures under blue light irradiation was then investigated. Cell viability was compared using trypan blue and MTT assays. Intracellular ROS production was detected by a fluorescein probe CM-H2DCFDA. Expression levels of catalase and Prdx3 were analysed by western blot. Trypan blue staining showed blue light caused more cell death than no light (p = 0.001) or white light (p = 0.005). MTT assay supported the hypothesis that exposure to blue light damaged RPE cells more severely than no light (p = 0.002) or white light (p = 0.014). Under blue light, use of the S-BF lens, which blocked 17% more blue light than the UVF lens, resulted in higher cellular viability (S-BF: 93.4\u00b11.4% vs UVF: 90.6\u00b11.4%; p = 0.022; MTT: 1.2-fold; p = 0.029). Blue and white light both significantly increased ROS production. The S-BF lens protected cells, resulting in lower levels of ROS and higher expression of catalase and Prdx3. To conclude, blue LED light exposure resulted in significant cytotoxicity to RPE cells. Partial blockage of blue light by an S-BF lens led to protective effects against retinal phototoxicity, which were mediated by reduction of ROS and increased levels of antioxidant enzymes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0268796","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]],"date-time":"2022-05-24T17:28:54Z","timestamp":1653413334000},"page":"e0268796","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Selective blue-filtering spectacle lens protected primary porcine RPE cells against light emitting diode-induced cell damage"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Wing Yan","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6876-9914","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Samantha Sze Wan","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yamunadevi","family":"Lakshmanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisca Siu Yin","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0443-3028","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kai Yip","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8516-4711","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Henry Ho Lung","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0268796.ref001","first-page":"22","article-title":"Understanding blue light","author":"A. Shapiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Retina Today"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0268796.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e71398","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071398","article-title":"Phototoxic action spectrum on a retinal pigment epithelium model of age-related macular degeneration exposed to sunlight normalized conditions","volume":"8","author":"E Arnault","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0268796.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.2005.00627.x","article-title":"Age-related maculopathy and the impact of blue light hazard","volume":"84","author":"PV Algvere","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0268796.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.122.5.750","article-title":"Sunlight and the 10-year incidence of age-related maculopathy: the Beaver Dam Eye Study","volume":"122","author":"SC Tomany","year":"2004","journal-title":"Archives of ophthalmology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0268796.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1159\/000027475","article-title":"The ageing lens","volume":"214","author":"AJ Bron","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica Journal international d\u2019ophtalmologie International journal of ophthalmology Zeitschrift fur Augenheilkunde"},{"key":"pone.0268796.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1988.sp016935","article-title":"Age and the transmittance of the human crystalline lens","volume":"395","author":"RA Weale","year":"1988","journal-title":"The Journal of physiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0268796.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.3928\/1542-8877-19980401-06","article-title":"The course of age-related macular degeneration following bilateral cataract surgery","volume":"29","author":"A Pollack","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ophthalmic surgery and lasers"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0268796.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4795","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-2066","article-title":"Cataract surgery and the risk of aging macula disorder: the rotterdam study","volume":"49","author":"L Ho","year":"2008","journal-title":"Investigative ophthalmology & visual science"},{"key":"pone.0268796.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2014.08.012","article-title":"The effect of visual blue light on mitochondrial function associated with retinal ganglions cells","volume":"128","author":"NN Osborne","year":"2014","journal-title":"Experimental eye research"},{"key":"pone.0268796.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5223","DOI":"10.1038\/srep05223","article-title":"Damage of photoreceptor-derived cells in culture induced by light emitting diode-derived blue light","volume":"4","author":"Y Kuse","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0268796.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1307294","article-title":"White light-emitting diodes (LEDs) at domestic lighting levels and retinal injury in a rat model","volume":"122","author":"YM Shang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0268796.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.12253","article-title":"Biological effects of blocking blue and other visible light on the mouse retina","volume":"42","author":"T Narimatsu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clinical & experimental ophthalmology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0268796.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e87","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2011.02620.x","article-title":"Filtering blue light reduces light-induced oxidative stress, senescence and accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins in human retinal pigment epithelium cells","volume":"40","author":"M Kernt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clinical & experimental ophthalmology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0268796.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0000000000000020","article-title":"The yellow intraocular lens and the natural ageing lens","volume":"25","author":"H Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Current opinion in ophthalmology"},{"key":"pone.0268796.ref015","first-page":"CD011977","article-title":"Blue-light filtering intraocular lenses (IOLs) for protecting macular health","volume":"5","author":"LE Downie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0268796.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2012.178","article-title":"Blue-blocking intraocular implants should be used routinely during phacoemulsification surgery\u2014Yes","volume":"26","author":"RJ Symes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eye"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0268796.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0169114","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169114","article-title":"Blue-Light Filtering Spectacle Lenses: Optical and Clinical Performances","volume":"12","author":"TW Leung","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0268796.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0420.2003.00030.x","article-title":"Growth of cultured porcine retinal pigment epithelial cells","volume":"81","author":"AK Wiencke","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0268796.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2011.04.002","article-title":"Light-emitting diodes (LED) for domestic lighting: any risks for the eye?","volume":"30","author":"F Behar-Cohen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Progress in retinal and eye research"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0268796.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.3109\/02713689008999595","article-title":"Growth of cultured RPE and endothelial cells is inhibited by blue light but not green or red light","volume":"9","author":"CK Dorey","year":"1990","journal-title":"Current eye research"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0268796.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(96)00555-2","article-title":"Lipofuscin accumulation in cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells causes enhanced sensitivity to blue light irradiation","volume":"22","author":"U Wihlmark","year":"1997","journal-title":"Free radical biology & medicine"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0268796.ref022","first-page":"1981","article-title":"The lipofuscin fluorophore A2E mediates blue light-induced damage to retinal pigmented epithelial cells","volume":"41","author":"JR Sparrow","year":"2000","journal-title":"Investigative ophthalmology & visual science"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0268796.ref023","first-page":"1356","article-title":"Blue light-induced apoptosis of A2E-containing RPE: involvement of caspase-3 and protection by Bcl-2","volume":"42","author":"JR Sparrow","year":"2001","journal-title":"Investigative ophthalmology & visual science"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0268796.ref024","first-page":"1222","article-title":"Involvement of oxidative mechanisms in blue-light-induced damage to A2E-laden RPE","volume":"43","author":"JR Sparrow","year":"2002","journal-title":"Investigative ophthalmology & visual science"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0268796.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2012.01237.x","article-title":"Effects of light-emitting diode radiations on human retinal pigment epithelial cells in vitro","volume":"89","author":"E Chamorro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Photochemistry and photobiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0268796.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-017-0592-2","article-title":"Blue-light filtering alters angiogenic signaling in human retinal pigmented epithelial cells culture model","volume":"17","author":"N Vila","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC ophthalmology"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0268796.ref027","article-title":"Low-Luminance Blue Light-Enhanced Phototoxicity in A2E-Laden RPE Cell Cultures and Rats","volume":"20","author":"CH Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"International journal of molecular sciences"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0268796.ref028","first-page":"1029","article-title":"Histologic analysis of photochemical lesions produced in rhesus retina by short-wave-length light","volume":"17","author":"WT Ham","year":"1978","journal-title":"Investigative ophthalmology & visual science"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0268796.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.1997.0288","article-title":"Light-induced apoptosis: differential timing in the retina and pigment epithelium","volume":"64","author":"F Hafezi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Experimental eye research"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0268796.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(98)00233-8","article-title":"Temporal sequence of changes in rat retina after UV-A and blue light exposure","volume":"39","author":"EM Busch","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vision research"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0268796.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1307294","article-title":"White light-emitting diodes (LEDs) at domestic lighting levels and retinal injury in a rat model","volume":"122","author":"Y-M Shang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environmental health perspectives"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0268796.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3453","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.13255","article-title":"Effects of white light-emitting diode (LED) exposure on retinal pigment epithelium in vivo","volume":"21","author":"I Jaadane","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of cellular and molecular medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0268796.ref033","first-page":"191","article-title":"Light-emitting-diode induced retinal damage and its wavelength dependency in vivo","volume":"10","author":"YM Shang","year":"2017","journal-title":"International journal of ophthalmology"},{"key":"pone.0268796.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2018.07.022","article-title":"Exposure to excessive blue LED light damages retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptors of pigmented mice","volume":"177","author":"M Nakamura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Experimental eye research"},{"issue":"22","key":"pone.0268796.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21061","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M502194200","article-title":"Blue light induces mitochondrial DNA damage and free radical production in epithelial cells","volume":"280","author":"BF Godley","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Journal of biological chemistry"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0268796.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2008.00506.x","article-title":"Effects of light exposure and use of intraocular lens on retinal pigment epithelial cells in vitro","volume":"85","author":"S Hui","year":"2009","journal-title":"Photochemistry and photobiology"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"pone.0268796.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1159\/000213743","article-title":"Accumulation of lipofuscin within retinal pigment epithelial cells results in enhanced sensitivity to photo-oxidation","volume":"41","author":"UT Brunk","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0268796.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1007\/s004170050143","article-title":"Observation of ultrastructural changes in cultured retinal pigment epithelium following exposure to blue light","volume":"236","author":"J Pang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0268796.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s004170000220","article-title":"Blue light-induced apoptosis in cultured retinal pigment epithelium cells of the rat","volume":"239","author":"Y Seko","year":"2001","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0268796.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2008.10.052","article-title":"Cytoprotective effects of a blue light-filtering intraocular lens on human retinal pigment epithelium by reducing phototoxic effects on vascular endothelial growth factor-alpha, Bax, and Bcl-2 expression","volume":"35","author":"M Kernt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of cataract and refractive surgery"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0268796.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3182158cdd","article-title":"Light filtering in a retinal pigment epithelial cell culture model","volume":"88","author":"J Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Optometry and vision science: official publication of the American Academy of Optometry"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0268796.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-006-0484-2","article-title":"AcrySof Natural filter decreases blue light-induced apoptosis in human retinal pigment epithelium","volume":"246","author":"KA Rezai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0268796.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2004.01.031","article-title":"Blue light-absorbing intraocular lens and retinal pigment epithelium protection in vitro","volume":"30","author":"JR Sparrow","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of cataract and refractive surgery"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0268796.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2006.04.012","article-title":"Effects of yellow intraocular lenses on light-induced upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor","volume":"32","author":"Y Yanagi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of cataract and refractive surgery"},{"key":"pone.0268796.ref045","first-page":"6","article-title":"Photoprotective effects of blue light absorbing filter against LED light exposure on human retinal pigment epithelial cells in vitro","author":"E Chamorro","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Carcinog Mutagen S"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0268796.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20102374","article-title":"Role of Mitochondrial DNA Damage in ROS-Mediated Pathogenesis of Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)","volume":"20","author":"K Kaarniranta","year":"2019","journal-title":"International journal of molecular sciences"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0268796.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2004.05.001","article-title":"Do blue light filters confer protection against age-related macular degeneration?","volume":"23","author":"TH Margrain","year":"2004","journal-title":"Progress in retinal and eye research"},{"key":"pone.0268796.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41514-017-0010-2","article-title":"Global rise of potential health hazards caused by blue light-induced circadian disruption in modern aging societies","volume":"3","author":"M Hatori","year":"2017","journal-title":"NPJ aging and mechanisms of disease"},{"key":"pone.0268796.ref049","first-page":"61","article-title":"Effects of blue light on the circadian system and eye physiology","volume":"22","author":"G Tosini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Molecular vision"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0268796.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2013.04.011","article-title":"Adverse Health Effects of Nighttime Lighting: Comments on American Medical Association Policy Statement","volume":"45","author":"RG Stevens","year":"2013","journal-title":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0268796.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1418490112","article-title":"Evening use of light-emitting eReaders negatively affects sleep, circadian timing, and next-morning alertness","volume":"112","author":"AM Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0268796.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2017.1324878","article-title":"Evening light exposure to computer screens disrupts human sleep, biological rhythms, and attention abilities","volume":"34","author":"A Green","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chronobiology international"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0268796.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1080\/15622975.2017.1417639","article-title":"The potential influence of LED lighting on mental illness","volume":"19","author":"M Bauer","year":"2018","journal-title":"The world journal of biological psychiatry: the official journal of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0268796.ref054","first-page":"1929","article-title":"The influence of sublethal blue light exposure on human RPE cells","volume":"15","author":"C Roehlecke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Molecular vision"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0268796.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(01)00545-7","article-title":"Light-dependent generation of reactive oxygen species in cell culture media","volume":"30","author":"A Grzelak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Free radical biology & medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0268796.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1080\/1071576031000064702","article-title":"Irradiation of cells with ultraviolet-A (320\u2013400 nm) in the presence of cell culture medium elicits biological effects due to extracellular generation of hydrogen peroxide","volume":"37","author":"A Mahns","year":"2003","journal-title":"Free Radic Res"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0268796","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]],"date-time":"2022-05-24T17:30:10Z","timestamp":1653413410000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0268796"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Timo","family":"Eppig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0268796","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]]}}}