{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T01:29:29Z","timestamp":1793410169898,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]],"date-time":"2022-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653436800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    We investigated the diagnostic utility of combined nerve and vascular ultrasound in thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) in a retrospective cohort study on two sites, involving 167 consecutive patients with the clinical symptoms suggestive of neurogenic and\/or vascular TOS, and an age- and sex-matched control group. All patients and control subjects underwent nerve ultrasound of the supraclavicular brachial plexus to look for fibromuscular anomalies \/ compression of the brachial plexus in the scalenic region, and vascular ultrasound of the infraclavicular subclavian artery with the arm in neutral and abducted position, serving as an indicator for costoclavicular compression of the neurovascular bundle. Based on clinical symptoms, neurogenic TOS (81%) was the most frequent\n                    <jats:italic>type<\/jats:italic>\n                    of TOS, followed by combined neurogenic and arterial TOS (8%). The frequency of abnormal nerve and\/or vascular ultrasound findings differed significantly from the control group (P&lt;0.00001). The pooled sensitivity was 48% for nerve ultrasound, 85% for vascular ultrasound, and 94% when combined. Among the findings, the fibromuscular \u2018wedge-sickle sign\u2019, indicating compression of the lower trunk in the scalenic region by a congenital fibromuscular anomaly (e.g. Roos ligaments), showed the highest specificity (100%). A bony \u2018wedge-sickle sign\u2019 was also delineated, where lower trunk compression is caused by the neck of the 1\n                    <jats:sup>st<\/jats:sup>\n                    rib. As implied by the higher sensitivity of vascular ultrasound, the most common\n                    <jats:italic>site<\/jats:italic>\n                    of compression was the costoclavicular space, but multilevel compression was also frequently observed. In summary, combined nerve and vascular ultrasound is a sensitive and reliable method to support the diagnosis of TOS. It can also identify the site(s) of compression, with obvious therapeutic consequences.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0268842","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]],"date-time":"2022-05-25T13:35:22Z","timestamp":1653485722000},"page":"e0268842","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Combined nerve and vascular ultrasound in thoracic outlet syndrome: A sensitive method in identifying the site of neurovascular compression"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Peter","family":"Dollinger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josef","family":"B\u00f6hm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8322-2498","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zsuzsanna","family":"Ar\u00e1nyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0268842.ref001","first-page":"281","article-title":"Thoracic outlet syndrome: evaluation of a therapeutic exercise program","volume":"31","author":"RM Peete","year":"1956","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"pone.0268842.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.33.5.615","article-title":"Wasting of the hand associated with a cervical rib or band","volume":"33","author":"RW Gilliatt","year":"1970","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0268842.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-5214(95)70244-X","article-title":"Arterial injuries in the thoracic outlet syndrome","volume":"21","author":"JR Durham","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"pone.0268842.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2009.12.022","article-title":"A comprehensive review of Paget-Schroetter syndrome","volume":"51","author":"KA Illig","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"pone.0268842.ref005","first-page":"144","volume-title":"Thoracic outlet syndrome","author":"RW Thompson","year":"2013"},{"key":"pone.0268842.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8619(05)70149-3","article-title":"Thoracic outlet syndromes","volume":"17","author":"AJ Wilbourn","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"key":"pone.0268842.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2016.06.005","article-title":"Ultrasonographic identification of fibromuscular bands associated with neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome: the \u2018wedge-sickle\u2019 sign","volume":"42","author":"Z Ar\u00e1nyi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol"},{"key":"pone.0268842.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2016.05.047","article-title":"Reporting standards of the Society for Vascular Surgery for thoracic outlet syndrome: Executive summary","volume":"64","author":"KA Illig","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"pone.0268842.ref009","first-page":"552","volume-title":"Thoracic outlet syndrome","author":"A Azizzadeh","year":"2013"},{"key":"pone.0268842.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-006-0464-2","article-title":"High-resolution ultrasound of the supraclavicular brachial plexus\u2014Can it improve therapeutic decisions in patients with plexus trauma?","volume":"17","author":"H Gruber","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"pone.0268842.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.179.3.1790699","article-title":"Brachial plexus sonography: A technique for assessing the root level","volume":"179","author":"C Martinoli","year":"2002","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"pone.0268842.ref012","first-page":"240","volume-title":"Peripheral Vascular Ultrasound, How, Why and When","author":"A Thrush","year":"2005"},{"key":"pone.0268842.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0712(03)00112-4","article-title":"Etiology of neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome","volume":"20","author":"CO Brantigan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hand Clin"},{"key":"pone.0268842.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(76)90456-6","article-title":"Congenital anomalies associated with thoracic outlet syndrome. 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