{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:01:44Z","timestamp":1787022104066,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To analyse the effects of maternal diabetes mellitus (DM) and body mass Index (BMI) on central and peripheral fat accretion of large for gestational age (LGA) offspring.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective study included LGA fetuses (n = 595) with ultrasound scans at early (19.23 \u00b1 0.68 weeks), mid (28.98 \u00b1 1.62 weeks) and late (36.20 \u00b1 1.59 weeks) stages of adipogenesis and measured abdominal (AFT) and mid-thigh (TFT) fat as surrogates for central and peripheral adiposity. Women were categorised according to BMI and DM status [pre-gestational (P-DM; n = 59), insulin managed (I-GDM; n = 132) and diet managed gestational diabetes (D-GDM; n = 29)]. Analysis of variance and linear regressions were applied.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>AFT and TFT did not differ significantly between BMI categories (normal, overweight and obese). In contrast, AFT was significantly higher in pregnancies affected by D-GDM compared to non-DM pregnancies from mid stage (0.44 mm difference, p = 0.002) and for all DM categories in late stage of adipogenesis (\u2265 0.49 mm difference, p &lt; 0.008). Late stage TFT accretion was higher than controls for P-DM and I-GDM but not for D-GDM (0.67 mm difference, p &lt; 0.001; 0.49 mm difference, p = 0.001, 0.56 mm difference, p = 0.22 respectively). In comparison to the early non-DM group with an AFT to TFT ratio of 1.07, the I-GDM group ratio was 1.25 (p &lt; 0.001), which normalised by 28 weeks becoming similar to control ratios.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>DM, independent of BMI, was associated with higher abdominal and mid-thigh fat accretion in fetuses. Use of insulin improved central to peripheral fat ratios in fetuses of GDM mothers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0268972","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T13:24:51Z","timestamp":1654003491000},"page":"e0268972","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Maternal diabetes independent of BMI is associated with altered accretion of adipose tissue in large for gestational age fetuses"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1904-4460","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Penny","family":"Lam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brendan J.","family":"Mein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald J.","family":"Benzie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John T.","family":"Ormerod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristy P.","family":"Robledo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1151-2816","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Emily J.","family":"Hibbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralph K.","family":"Nanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0268972.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(16)30217-0","article-title":"Preconceptional and maternal obesity: epidemiology and health consequences","volume":"4","author":"L Poston","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Lancet Diabetes & endocrinology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0268972.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.2337\/dci17-0031","article-title":"Diabetes in youth\u2014looking backwards to inform the future: Kelly West Award Lecture 2017","volume":"41","author":"D. 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