{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]],"date-time":"2025-12-14T15:59:03Z","timestamp":1765727943028,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,8]],"date-time":"2022-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654646400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Racial discrimination and racial identity may compete to influence incarceration risk. We estimated the predicted days incarcerated in a national US sample of Black, Latino\/Latina, and American Indian\/Alaska Native (AI\/AN) individuals.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We used the 2012\u20132013 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III (n = 14,728) to identify individual incarceration history. We used zero-inflated Poisson regression to predict the number of days incarcerated across racial discrimination and racial identity scores.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Racial discrimination and identity varied between races\/ethnicities, such that racial discrimination exposure was highest among Hispanic individuals, while racial identity was highest among Black individuals. Racial discrimination was positively associated with days incarcerated among Black individuals (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> = 0.070, p&lt;0.0001) and AI\/AN individuals (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> = 0.174, p&lt;0.000). Racial identity was negatively associated with days incarcerated among Black individuals (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> = -0.147, p&lt;0.0001). The predicted number of days incarcerated was highest among Black individuals (130 days) with high discrimination scores.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Racial discrimination and racial identity were associated with days incarcerated, and the association varied by racial\/ethnic sub-group. Informed by these findings, we suggest that intervention strategies targeting incarceration prevention should be tailored to the unique experiences of racial\/ethnic minoritized individuals at the greatest risk. Policies aimed at reversing mass incarceration should consider how carceral systems fit within the wider contexts of historical racism, discrimination, and structural determinants of health.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0268987","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,8]],"date-time":"2022-06-08T17:27:57Z","timestamp":1654709277000},"page":"e0268987","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The competing effects of racial discrimination and racial identity on the predicted number of days incarcerated in the US: A national profile of Black, Latino\/Latina, and American Indian\/Alaska Native populations"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8901-9012","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"George","family":"Pro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ricky","family":"Camplain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles H.","family":"Lea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,8]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"The Color of Justice: Racial and Ethnic Disparity in State Prisons.","year":"2016","author":"A. 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