{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T18:19:16Z","timestamp":1789150756957,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]],"date-time":"2022-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663718400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011318","name":"Fondation Botnar","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["REG-19-009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["REG-19-009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011318","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008375","name":"University of Basel","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Open access funding"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Open access funding"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008375","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The LoPF-Q 12\u201318 (Levels of Personality Functioning Questionnaire) was designed for clinical use and to promote early detection of personality disorder (PD). It is a self-report measure with 97 items to assess personality functioning in adolescents from 12 years up. It operationalizes the dimensional concept of personality disorder (PD) severity used in the Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders and the ICD-11. In this study, we investigated the factorial structure of the LoPF-Q 12\u201318. Additionally, a short version was developed to meet the need of efficient screening for PD in clinical and research applications. To investigate the factorial structure, several confirmatory factor analysis models were compared. A bifactor model with a strong general factor and four specific factors showed the best nominal fit (CFI = .91, RMSEA = .04, SRMR = .07). The short version was derived using the ant colony optimization algorithm. This procedure resulted in a 20-item version with excellent fit for a hierarchical model with four first order factors to represent the domains and a secondary higher order factor to represent personality functioning (CFI = .98, RMSEA = .05, SRMR = .04). Clinical validity (effect size d = 3.1 between PD patients and controls) and clinical utility (cutoff \u2265 36 providing 87.5% specificity and 80.2% sensitivity) for detecting patients with PD were high for the short version. Both, the long and short LoPF-Q 12\u201318 version are ready to be used for research and diagnostic purposes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0269327","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]],"date-time":"2022-09-21T13:40:43Z","timestamp":1663767643000},"page":"e0269327","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["A DSM-5 AMPD and ICD-11 compatible measure for an early identification of personality disorders in adolescence\u2013LoPF-Q 12\u201318 latent structure and short form"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0992-3392","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ronan","family":"Zimmermann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Steppan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6975-2356","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Johannes","family":"Zimmermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8640-2956","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lara","family":"Oeltjen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Birkh\u00f6lzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Schmeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirstin","family":"Goth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0269327.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013","edition":"5"},{"key":"pone.0269327.ref002","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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