{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T10:48:15Z","timestamp":1784544495606,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":214,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]],"date-time":"2022-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The burden of substance use in Kenya is significant. The objective of this study was to systematically summarize existing literature on substance use in Kenya, identify research gaps, and provide directions for future research.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This systematic review was conducted in line with the PRISMA guidelines. We conducted a search of 5 bibliographic databases (PubMed, PsychINFO, Web of Science, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Professionals (CINAHL) and Cochrane Library) from inception until 20 August 2020. In addition, we searched all the volumes of the official journal of the National Authority for the Campaign Against Alcohol &amp; Drug Abuse (the African Journal of Alcohol and Drug Abuse). The results of eligible studies have been summarized descriptively and organized by three broad categories including: studies evaluating the epidemiology of substance use, studies evaluating interventions and programs, and qualitative studies exploring various themes on substance use other than interventions. The quality of the included studies was assessed with the Quality Assessment Tool for Studies with Diverse Designs.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Of the 185 studies that were eligible for inclusion, 144 investigated the epidemiology of substance use, 23 qualitatively explored various substance use related themes, and 18 evaluated substance use interventions and programs. Key evidence gaps emerged. Few studies had explored the epidemiology of hallucinogen, prescription medication, ecstasy, injecting drug use, and emerging substance use. Vulnerable populations such as pregnant women, and persons with physical disability had been under-represented within the epidemiological and qualitative work. No intervention study had been conducted among children and adolescents. Most interventions had focused on alcohol to the exclusion of other prevalent substances such as tobacco and cannabis. Little had been done to evaluate digital and population-level interventions.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The results of this systematic review provide important directions for future substance use research in Kenya.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n<jats:title>Systematic review registration<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>PROSPERO: CRD42020203717.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0269340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]],"date-time":"2022-06-09T17:30:19Z","timestamp":1654795819000},"page":"e0269340","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["A systematic review of substance use and substance use disorder research in Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8381-6309","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Florence","family":"Jaguga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah Kanana","family":"Kiburi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eunice","family":"Temet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julius","family":"Barasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serah","family":"Karanja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lizz","family":"Kinyua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edith Kamaru","family":"Kwobah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10159","key":"pone.0269340.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32279-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 Diseases and Injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"392","author":"SL James","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0269340.ref002","unstructured":"Hammer JH, Parent MC, Spiker DA, World Health Organization. Global status report on alcohol and health 2018. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/274603\/9789241565639-eng.pdf?ua=1. Accessed 12 June 2021"},{"key":"pone.0269340.ref003","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. Tobacco [Internet]. 2020. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/tobacco. Accessed 12 June 2021"},{"key":"pone.0269340.ref004","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Alcohol and drug use disorders: Global health estimates. 2017. http:\/\/www.who.int\/substance_abuse\/activities\/fadab\/msb_adab_2017_GHE_23June2017.pdf. Accessed 12 June 2021"},{"key":"pone.0269340.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.09.014","article-title":"Mental health outcomes associated with of the use of amphetamines: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"R McKetin","year":"2019","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"pone.0269340.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-018-0970-7","article-title":"Cannabis and mental illness: a review","volume":"269","author":"DJE Lowe","year":"2019","journal-title":"European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience"},{"key":"pone.0269340.ref007","unstructured":"International Narcotics Control Board. Chapter 1: Economic consequences of drug abuse. 2013. https:\/\/www.incb.org\/documents\/Publications\/AnnualReports\/AR2013\/English\/AR_2013_E_Chapter_I.pdf. Accessed 12 June 2021"},{"key":"pone.0269340.ref008","unstructured":"National Authority for the Campaign Against alcohol and Drug Abuse. Rapid Situation Assessment of Drugs abd Substance Abuse in Kenya. 2017. https:\/\/nacada.go.ke\/sites\/default\/files\/2019-10\/National%20ADA%20Survey%20Report%202017_2_2.pdf. Accessed 12 June 2021"},{"key":"pone.0269340.ref009","unstructured":"National Authority for the Campaign Against alcohol and Drug Abuse, Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis. Status of Drugs and Substance Abuse among Primary School Pupils in Kenya. 2019. https:\/\/nacada.go.ke\/sites\/default\/files\/2019-10\/Report%20on%20the%20Status%20of%20Drugs%20and%20Substance%20Abuse%20among%20Primary%20School%20Pupils%20in%20Kenya.pdf. Accessed 12 June 2021"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0269340.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300060520966458","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060520966458","article-title":"Mental health research in Botswana: a semi-systematic scoping review","volume":"48","author":"PR Opondo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0269340.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s13011-019-0204-7","article-title":"Global research mapping of substance use disorder and treatment 1971\u20132017: Implications for priority setting","volume":"14","author":"BX Tran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Subst Abus Treat Prev Policy"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0269340.ref012","first-page":"152","article-title":"Drug abuse among secondary school students in Kenya: a preliminary survey","volume":"59","author":"M Dhadphale","year":"1982","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"key":"pone.0269340.ref013","unstructured":"The National Authority for the Campaign aganist Alcohol and Drug Abuse [Internet]. http:\/\/www.nacada.go.ke. Accessed 12 June 2021"},{"key":"pone.0269340.ref014","unstructured":"The National Authority for the Campaign Aganist Alcohol and Drug Abuse. African Journal of Alcohol & Drug Abuse (Volume 2). https:\/\/nacada.go.ke\/sites\/default\/files\/AJADA\/AJADA%202%20ammended\/AJADA%20Volume%20II%20(Full%20Booklet).pdf. Accessed 12 june 2021"},{"key":"pone.0269340.ref015","unstructured":"Republic of Kenya. The National Treasury and Planning. Third Medium Term Plan 2018\u20132022. Kenya Vision 2030. https:\/\/planning.go.ke\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/THIRD-MEDIUM-TERM-PLAN-2018-2022.pdf. Accessed 20 June 2020"},{"key":"pone.0269340.ref016","unstructured":"United Nations Development Programme. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, A\/RES\/70\/1. Undp. 2015."},{"key":"pone.0269340.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"b2700","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2700","article-title":"The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: explanation and elaboration","volume":"339","author":"A Liberati","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"pone.0269340.ref018","unstructured":"The National Authority for the Campaign Aganist Alcohol and Drug Abuse. African Journal of Alcohol & Drug Abuse (Volume 3). https:\/\/nacada.go.ke\/sites\/default\/files\/AJADA\/AJADA%203\/NACADA%20AJADA%20Vol%203-%20Full%20Booket.pdf. Accessed 12 june 2021"},{"key":"pone.0269340.ref019","unstructured":"The National Authority for the Campaign Aganist Alcohol and Drug Abuse. African Journal of Alcohol & Drug Abuse (Volume 1). https:\/\/nacada.go.ke\/sites\/default\/files\/AJADA\/AJADA%201%20ammended\/AJADA%20Volume%20I%20(Full%20Booklet).pdf. Accessed 12 june 2021"},{"key":"pone.0269340.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4","article-title":"Rayyan\u2014a web and mobile app for systematic reviews","volume":"5","author":"M Ouzzani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0269340.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2753.2011.01662.x","article-title":"Reviewing studies with diverse designs: The development and evaluation of a new tool","volume":"18","author":"R Sirriyeh","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Eval Clin Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0269340.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-031825","article-title":"Systematic review of gender differences in the epidemiology and risk factors of exertional heat illness and heat tolerance in the armed forces","volume":"10","author":"F Alele","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0269340.ref023","first-page":"69","article-title":"Socio-economic effects of khat chewing in North Eastern Kenya","volume":"83","author":"A Aden","year":"2006","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0269340.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2906","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v19i4.12","article-title":"Determinants of harmful use of alcohol among urban slum dwelling adults in Kenya","volume":"19","author":"M Gitatui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0269340.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2013.825516","article-title":"Khat Consumption in Masalani Town, Northeastern Kenya","volume":"45","author":"J Njuguna","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Psychoactive Drugs"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0269340.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.2008.22.2.217","article-title":"The prevalence of personality disorders in a Kenyan inpatient sample","volume":"22","author":"J Thuo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pers Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0269340.ref027","first-page":"300","article-title":"Alcoholism among outpatients with psychiatric morbidity","volume":"39","author":"M. Dhadphale","year":"1997","journal-title":"Indian J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0269340.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-008-0360-y","article-title":"Clinical epidemiology in patients admitted at Mathari Psychiatric Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya","volume":"43","author":"DM Ndetei","year":"2008","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"pone.0269340.ref029","article-title":"Prevalence And Patterns Of Early Drug Abuse Among Clients Attending Ngara Medically Assisted Therapy Clinic Nairobi, Kenya\u2014A Retrospective Study","volume":"1","author":"J. Kisilu","year":"2019","journal-title":"AJADA"},{"key":"pone.0269340.ref030","first-page":"598","article-title":"Substance use among children and young persons appearing in the Nairobi Juvenile Court, Kenya","volume":"80","author":"HM Maru","year":"2003","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0269340.ref031","first-page":"151","article-title":"Psychiatric morbidity among convicted male sex offenders at Kamiti Prison, Kenya","volume":"84","author":"IM Kanyanya","year":"2007","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0269340.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.4314\/eamj.v83i4.9419","article-title":"Oral hygiene practices and risk of oral leukoplakia","volume":"83","author":"FG Macigo","year":"2006","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"issue":"0 3","key":"pone.0269340.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S231","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000912","article-title":"Risk of sexual, physical and verbal assaults on men who have sex with men and female sex workers in coastal Kenya","volume":"29","author":"M Micheni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aids"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0269340.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2010.495313","article-title":"Drug use in a rural secondary school in Kenya","volume":"31","author":"DM Ndetei","year":"2010","journal-title":"Subst Abus"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0269340.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.4314\/mmj.v31i1.9","article-title":"Pattern of stroke in a rural Kenyan hospital","volume":"31","author":"BS Ominde","year":"2019","journal-title":"Malawi Med J"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0269340.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1987.tb02795.x","article-title":"Prevalence of khat chewers among primary health clinic attenders in Kenya","volume":"75","author":"OE Omolo","year":"1987","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"pone.0269340.ref037","article-title":"Effects of Environment and Parenting Practices on Alcohol Use among Primary School Pupils in Kenya","volume":"3","author":"Kamenderi","year":"2020","journal-title":"AJADA"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0269340.ref038","first-page":"73","article-title":"The feasibility of integrating alcohol risk-reduction counseling into existing VCT services in Kenya","volume":"8","author":"C MacKenzie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Afr J Drug Alcohol Stud"},{"key":"pone.0269340.ref039","article-title":"Innovations and Opportunities In Social Media For Management Of Drug And Substance Abuse In Selected Informal Settlements of Nairobi County, Kenya","volume":"3","author":"Mutai","year":"2020","journal-title":"AJADA"},{"key":"pone.0269340.ref040","article-title":"Systematic cultural adaptation of cognitive-behavioral therapy to reduce alcohol use among HIV-infected outpatients in Western Kenya","author":"RK Papas","year":"2010","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0269340.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25266","article-title":"PrEP and the syndemic of substance use, violence, and HIV among female and male sex workers: a qualitative study in Kisumu, Kenya","volume":"22","author":"AR Bazzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0269340.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1080\/0968763031000140192","article-title":"How \u201cCool\u201d is Heroin Injection at the Kenya Coast","volume":"11","author":"S Beckerleg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Drugs Educ Prev Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0269340.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1505-5-1","article-title":"Six rapid assessments of alcohol and other substance use in populations displaced by conflict","volume":"5","author":"N Ezard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Confl Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0269340.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-015-0061-2","article-title":"A qualitative analysis of transitions to heroin injection in Kenya: Implications for HIV prevention and harm reduction","volume":"12","author":"A Guise","year":"2015","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0269340.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czz002","article-title":"Integrated and differentiated methadone and HIV care for people who use drugs: A qualitative study in Kenya with implications for implementation science","volume":"34","author":"A Guise","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0269340.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1080\/17441692.2019.1638958","article-title":"Community perspectives of second-generation alcohol misuse and HIV risk in rural Kenya: A gendered syndemic lens","volume":"14","author":"J Kibicho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glob Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0269340.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-018-0235-9","article-title":"\u201cWho has ever loved a drug addict? It\u2019s a lie. They think a \u2018teja\u2019 is as bad person\u201d: Multiple stigmas faced by women who inject drugs in coastal Kenya","volume":"15","author":"G Mburu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"key":"pone.0269340.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.01.013","article-title":"Role of boyfriends and intimate sexual partners in the initiation and maintenance of injecting drug use among women in coastal Kenya","volume":"93","author":"G Mburu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0269340.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-020-02910-w","article-title":"Determinants of Women\u2019s Drug Use During Pregnancy: Perspectives from a Qualitative Study","volume":"24","author":"G Mburu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0269340.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-019-0281-y","article-title":"HIV risk behaviours among women who inject drugs in coastal Kenya: Findings from secondary analysis of qualitative data","volume":"16","author":"G Mburu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0269340.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1080\/23293691.2018.1463737","article-title":"Contraceptive Use Among Women Who Inject Drugs: Motivators, Barriers, and Unmet Needs","volume":"5","author":"G Mburu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Women\u2019s Reprod Heal"},{"key":"pone.0269340.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2015.08.010","article-title":"Heroin shortage in Coastal Kenya: A rapid assessment and qualitative analysis of heroin users\u2019 experiences","volume":"30","author":"S Mital","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0269340.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.srhc.2014.01.002","article-title":"Alcohol consumption and reproductive health risks in rural Central Kenya","volume":"5","author":"N. Muturi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sex Reprod Healthc"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0269340.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.2989\/16085906.2015.1016986","article-title":"HIV infection in the context of alcoholism in Kenya","volume":"14","author":"Muturi N. Gender","year":"2015","journal-title":"African J AIDS Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0269340.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1080\/10810730.2015.1064496","article-title":"Community Perspectives on Communication Strategies for Alcohol Abuse Prevention in Rural Central Kenya","volume":"21","author":"N. Muturi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Health Commun"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0269340.ref056","first-page":"95","article-title":"Implementing needle and syringe programmes in Kenya: Changes, opportunities and challenges in HIV prevention","volume":"14","author":"JN Ndimbii","year":"2015","journal-title":"Afr J Drug Alcohol Stud"},{"key":"pone.0269340.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.srhc.2018.10.002","article-title":"Access and utilisation of reproductive, maternal, neonatal and child health services among women who inject drugs in coastal Kenya: Findings from a qualitative study","volume":"18","author":"J Ndimbii","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sex Reprod Healthc"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0269340.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32832605d0","article-title":"Disco funerals: A risk situation for HIV infection among youth in Kisumu, Kenya","volume":"23","author":"C Njue","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"pone.0269340.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-635","article-title":"Porn video shows, local brew, and transactional sex: HIV risk among youth in Kisumu, Kenya","volume":"11","author":"C. Njue","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0269340.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-677","article-title":"Improving adherence to ante-retroviral treatment for people with harmful alcohol use in Kariobangi, Kenya through participatory research and action","volume":"12","author":"CJ Othieno","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0269340.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-007198","article-title":"Is the promise of methadone Kenya\u2019s solution to managing HIV and addiction? A mixed-method mathematical modelling and qualitative study","volume":"5","author":"T Rhodes","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"pone.0269340.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.02.007","article-title":"The becoming of methadone in Kenya: How an intervention\u2019s implementation constitutes recovery potential","volume":"201","author":"T. Rhodes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0269340.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105318782594","article-title":"Socio-ecological determinants of alcohol, tobacco, and drug use behavior of adolescents in Kilifi County at the Kenyan coast","volume":"25","author":"D Ssewanyana","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Health Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0269340.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2016.01.001","article-title":"An ethnographic exploration of drug markets in Kisumu, Kenya","volume":"30","author":"JL Syvertsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"pone.0269340.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.10.019","article-title":"You can\u2019t do this job when you are sober: Heroin use among female sex workers and the need for comprehensive drug treatment programming in Kenya","volume":"194","author":"JL Syvertsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0269340.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.3109\/10826084.2015.1037397","article-title":"Stages and Processes of Change Utilized by Female Sex Workers Participating in an Alcohol-Reduction Intervention in Mombasa, Kenya","volume":"50","author":"J Velloza","year":"2015","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0269340.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.29063\/ajrh2016\/v20i4.5","article-title":"A qualitative study of substance use during pregnancy: Implications for reproductive healthcare in Western Kenya","volume":"20","author":"KA Yotebieng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Afr J Reprod Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0269340.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30264-6","article-title":"Prevalence, estimated incidence, risk behaviours, and genotypic distribution of hepatitis C virus among people who inject drugs accessing harm-reduction services in Kenya: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"19","author":"MJ Akiyama","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0269340.ref069","article-title":"Prevalence of Depression among Female Injecting Drug Users (FIDUs): Study of a Drop-in Rehabilitation Center in Nairobi County, Kenya","volume":"1","author":"Anundo","year":"2019","journal-title":"AJADA"},{"issue":"sup2","key":"pone.0269340.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2018.1470738","article-title":"Sociodemographic and behavioural factors associated with body mass index among men and women in Nairobi slums: AWI-Gen Project","volume":"11","author":"G Asiki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob Health Action"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0269340.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2004.02.017","article-title":"Use of tobacco in Kenya: Sources of information, beliefs and attitudes toward tobacco control measures among primary school students","volume":"35","author":"AN \u00c5str\u00f8m","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Adolesc Heal"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0269340.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-11-34","article-title":"Prevalence of substance use among college students in Eldoret, western Kenya","volume":"11","author":"L Atwoli","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0269340.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-371","article-title":"A population-based survey of prevalence of diabetes and correlates in an urban slum community in Nairobi, Kenya","volume":"13","author":"R Ayah","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0269340.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.4314\/eamj.v78i12.8930","article-title":"Health problems of street children in Eldoret, Kenya","volume":"78","author":"SO Ayaya","year":"2001","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0269340.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2013.07.034","article-title":"Alcohol consumption and psychological distress in adolescents: A multi-country study","volume":"54","author":"O Balogun","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Adolesc Heal"},{"issue":"6\u20137","key":"pone.0269340.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1080\/10826080600667193","article-title":"A rapid assessment of heroin use in Mombasa, Kenya","volume":"41","author":"S Beckerleg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0269340.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2014.938013","article-title":"Levels of alcohol use and history of HIV testing among female sex workers in Mombasa, Kenya","volume":"26","author":"AM Bengtson","year":"2014","journal-title":"AIDS Care\u2014Psychol Socio-Medical Asp AIDS\/HIV"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0269340.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5100-y","article-title":"Socio-demographic and sexual practices associated with HIV infection in Kenyan injection and non-injection drug users","volume":"18","author":"V Budambula","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0269340.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2017.1281881","article-title":"Alcohol use and immune reconstitution among HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy in Nairobi, Kenya Anthony","volume":"29","author":"A Cagle","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0269340.ref080","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effects of hazardous and harmful alcohol use on HIV incidence and sexual behaviour: A cohort study of Kenyan female sex workers","volume":"10","author":"MF Chersich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Global Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0269340.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2009.03.007","article-title":"Prevalence of glucose intolerance and associated risk factors in rural and urban populations of different ethnic groups in Kenya","volume":"84","author":"DL Christensen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0269340.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-7-271","article-title":"HIV risk behaviors among female IDUs in developing and transitional countries","volume":"7","author":"CM Cleland","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0269340.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090297","article-title":"Service use, charge, and access to mental healthcare in a private kenyan inpatient setting: The effects of insurance","volume":"9","author":"VP De Menil","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0269340.ref084","article-title":"Utilisation of community-based addiction out-patient treatment programmes in Kenya","volume":"9","author":"CS Deveau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Afr J Drug Alcohol Stud"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0269340.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.3109\/10826084.2012.700678","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes, and substance use practices among street children in Western Kenya","volume":"47","author":"L Embleton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0269340.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0053435","article-title":"The Journey of Addiction: Barriers to and Facilitators of Drug Use Cessation among Street Children and Youths in Western Kenya","volume":"8","author":"L Embleton","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0269340.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2016.11.015","article-title":"Sexual Behavior Among Orphaned Adolescents in Western Kenya: A Comparison of Institutional- and Family-Based Care Settings","volume":"60","author":"L Embleton","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Adolesc Heal"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"pone.0269340.ref088","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of injuries in Kenya: Findings from the national STEPs survey 11 Medical and Health Sciences 1117 Public Health and Health Services","volume":"18","author":"GK Gathecha","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0269340.ref089","first-page":"62","article-title":"Healthcare providers\u2019 level of involvement in provision of smoking cessation interventions in public health facilities in Kenya","volume":"6","author":"JW Gichuki","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Public Health Africa"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0269340.ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1037\/ccp0000559","article-title":"A multiple baseline study of a brief alcohol reduction and family engagement intervention for fathers in Kenya","volume":"88","author":"A Giusto","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0269340.ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140005","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of HIV infection among street boys in Kisumu, Kenya","volume":"10","author":"A Goldblatt","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0269340.ref092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2016.1245748","article-title":"Adverse Childhood Experiences Predict Alcohol Consumption Patterns Among Kenyan Mothers","volume":"52","author":"ML Goodman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0269340.ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02037.x","article-title":"The structure and correlates of alcohol dependence: WHO collaborative project on the early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption\u2014III","volume":"88","author":"W Hall","year":"1993","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0269340.ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14903","article-title":"A randomized clinical trial of mobile phone motivational interviewing for alcohol use problems in Kenya","volume":"115","author":"VS Harder","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0269340.ref095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3402\/gha.v8.28697","article-title":"Co-occurrence of behavioral risk factors of common non-communicable diseases among urban slum dwellers in Nairobi, Kenya","volume":"8","author":"TN Haregu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob Health Action"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0269340.ref096","first-page":"1","article-title":"Profile of people with hypertension in Nairobi\u2019s slums: A descriptive study","volume":"11","author":"A Hulzebosch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Global Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0269340.ref097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-015-0603-x","article-title":"Alcohol consumption and hazardous drinking in western Kenya-A household survey in a health and demographic surveillance site","volume":"15","author":"R Jenkins","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0269340.ref098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-1177","article-title":"Prevalence of hypertension and associated cardiovascular risk factors in an urban slum in Nairobi, Kenya: A population-based survey","volume":"14","author":"MD Joshi","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0269340.ref099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2019.100951","article-title":"Identifying factors associated with quit intentions among smokers from two nationally representative samples in Africa: Findings from the ITC Kenya and Zambia Surveys","volume":"15","author":"SC Kaai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prev Med Reports"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0269340.ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.5830\/CVJA-2017-046","article-title":"Stroke distribution patterns and characteristics in Kenya\u2019s leading public health tertiary institutions: Kenyatta National hospital and moi teaching and referral hospital","volume":"29","author":"L Kaduka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc J Afr"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0269340.ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-017-0151-x","article-title":"Who seeks child and adolescent mental health care in Kenya? A descriptive clinic profile at a tertiary referral facility","volume":"11","author":"JW Kamau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health"},{"key":"pone.0269340.ref102","article-title":"Status of Drugs and Substance Use among Secondary School Students in Kenya","volume":"1","author":"M Kamenderi","year":"2019","journal-title":"AJADA"},{"key":"pone.0269340.ref103","article-title":"Status of Drugs and Substance Abuse among the General Population in Kenya","volume":"1","author":"M Kamenderi","year":"2019","journal-title":"AJADA"},{"key":"pone.0269340.ref104","article-title":"Prevalence and Predictors of Multiple Substance Use Disorders in Kenya","volume":"2","author":"M Kamenderi","year":"2019","journal-title":"AJADA"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0269340.ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.4314\/eamj.v81i2.9130","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk factor profile of Black Africans undergoing coronary angiography","volume":"81","author":"C Kamotho","year":"2004","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0269340.ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(90)90186-V","article-title":"Gender differences in tobacco use in Kenya","volume":"30","author":"M Kaplan","year":"1990","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"pone.0269340.ref107","article-title":"Prevalence and determinants of heavy episodic drinking among adults in Kenya: Analysis of the STEPwise survey, 2015","volume":"18","author":"A Kendagor","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0269340.ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-859X-12-15","article-title":"Major depressive disorder in a Kenyan youth sample: Relationship with parenting behavior and parental psychiatric disorders","volume":"12","author":"LI Khasakhala","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0269340.ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-859X-12-13","article-title":"Suicidal behaviour among youths associated with psychopathology in both parents and youths attending outpatient psychiatric clinic in Kenya","volume":"12","author":"LI Khasakhala","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0269340.ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-018-1780-1","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences among patients with substance use disorders at a referral psychiatric hospital in Kenya","volume":"18","author":"SK Kiburi","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0269340.ref111","first-page":"171","article-title":"Adequacy of control of cardiovascular risk factors in ambulatory patients with type 2 diabetes attending diabetes out-patients clinic at a county hospital, Kenya","author":"MW Kimando","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Endocr Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0269340.ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-023995","article-title":"Association of lifestyle modification and pharmacological adherence on blood pressure control among patients with hypertension at Kenyatta National Hospital, Kenya: A cross-sectional study","volume":"9","author":"S Kimani","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0269340.ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12991-018-0222-2","article-title":"A cross-sectional study of depression with comorbid substance use dependency in pregnant adolescents from an informal settlement of Nairobi: Drawing implications for treatment and prevention work","volume":"17","author":"E Kimbui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0269340.ref114","first-page":"107","article-title":"Determinants of Alcohol, Khat, and Bhang Use in Rural Kenya","volume":"10","author":"KE Kinoti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Afr J Drug Alcohol Stud"},{"key":"pone.0269340.ref115","article-title":"Substance use among inmates at the Eldoret prison in Western Kenya","volume":"13","author":"DWC Kinyanjui","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0269340.ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.4314\/eamj.v86i4.46948","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and oral health among healthcare students","volume":"86","author":"P Komu","year":"2009","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0269340.ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001847","article-title":"Depressive symptoms and problematic alcohol and other substance use in 1476 gay, bisexual, and other MSM at three research sites in Kenya","volume":"32","author":"C Korhonen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aids"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0269340.ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001512","article-title":"Factors Associated with Prevalent HIV Infection among Kenyan MSM: The Anza Mapema Study","volume":"76","author":"CP Kunzweiler","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0269340.ref119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-017-1941-0","article-title":"Depressive Symptoms, Alcohol and Drug Use, and Physical and Sexual Abuse Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Kisumu, Kenya: The Anza Mapema Study","volume":"22","author":"CP Kunzweiler","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"pone.0269340.ref120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5402\/2012\/482802","article-title":"The Association between Alcohol Dependence and Depression before and after Treatment for Alcohol Dependence","author":"MW Kuria","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISRN Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0269340.ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000769","article-title":"HIV prevalence, estimated incidence, and risk behaviors among people who inject drugs in Kenya","volume":"70","author":"AE Kurth","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"pone.0269340.ref122","article-title":"Prevalence of Substance Abuse among Students in Medical Training Colleges in South Nyanza Region, Kenya","volume":"2","author":"DK Kurui","year":"2019","journal-title":"AJADA"},{"key":"pone.0269340.ref123","article-title":"Determinants of Alcohol Use by Students in Medical Training Colleges in South Nyanza Region, Kenya","volume":"3","author":"DK Kurui","year":"2020","journal-title":"AJADA"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0269340.ref124","first-page":"119","article-title":"Tobacco consumption among primary school teachers in nairobi","volume":"78","author":"DHO Kwamanga","year":"2001","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0269340.ref125","first-page":"207","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of smoking among secondary school students in Nairobi","volume":"80","author":"DHO Kwamanga","year":"2003","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0269340.ref126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-017-1202-9","article-title":"PREVALENCE of psychiatric morbidity in a community sample in Western Kenya","volume":"17","author":"E Kwobah","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0269340.ref127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000335","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of a brief intervention to reduce alcohol use among female sex workers in Mombasa, Kenya","volume":"67","author":"KL L\u2019Engle","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0269340.ref128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12066","article-title":"Alcohol use, drunkenness and tobacco smoking in rural western Kenya","volume":"18","author":"TQ Lo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Heal"},{"key":"pone.0269340.ref129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-384","article-title":"Use of AUDIT, and measures of drinking frequency and patterns to detect associations between alcohol and sexual behaviour in male sex workers in Kenya","volume":"11","author":"S Luchters","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0269340.ref130","first-page":"104812","article-title":"Oral Lesions Induced by Chronic Khat Use Consist Essentially of Thickened Hyperkeratinized Epithelium","author":"OM Lukandu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Dent"},{"key":"pone.0269340.ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2018.30.166.14771","article-title":"Socio-economic and demographic determinants of tobacco use in Kenya: Findings from the Kenya demographic and health survey 2014","volume":"30","author":"P Magati","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0269340.ref132","first-page":"137","article-title":"Substance use literacy: Implications for HIV medication adherence and addiction severity among substance users","volume":"14","author":"RW Maina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Afr J Drug Alcohol Stud"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0269340.ref133","first-page":"176","article-title":"Innovation in cardiovascular risk using a novel mHealth tool in rural Kenya","volume":"25","author":"JR Mannik","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Innov Heal Inf"},{"key":"pone.0269340.ref134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jctube.2018.04.005","article-title":"Prognostic factors among TB and TB\/DM comorbidity among patients on short course regimen within Nairobi and Kiambu counties in Kenya","volume":"12","author":"JW Mburu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0269340.ref135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2014.911809","article-title":"Alcohol use and its association with HIV risk behaviors among a cohort of patients attending HIV clinical care in Tanzania, Kenya, and Namibia","volume":"26","author":"A Medley","year":"2014","journal-title":"AIDS Care\u2014Psychol Socio-Medical Asp AIDS\/HIV"},{"key":"pone.0269340.ref136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4137\/CMENT.S8610","article-title":"Cigarette Smoking and Alcohol Ingestion as Risk Factors for Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma at Kenyatta National Hospital, Kenya","volume":"5","author":"P Menach","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Med Insights Ear, Nose Throat"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0269340.ref137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31804","article-title":"Traditional and commercial alcohols and esophageal cancer risk in Kenya","volume":"144","author":"D Menya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0269340.ref138","first-page":"1","article-title":"Examining characteristics of recorded and unrecorded alcohol consumers in Kenya","volume":"18","author":"RS Mkuu","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"pone.0269340.ref139","article-title":"Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension and their determinants: Results from a national survey in Kenya","volume":"18","author":"SF Mohamed","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0269340.ref140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2016.1211352","article-title":"Substance Use among a Sample of Healthcare Workers in Kenya: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"48","author":"AG Mokaya","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Psychoactive Drugs"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0269340.ref141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.11162","article-title":"Effect of a Prize-Linked Savings Intervention on Savings and Healthy Behaviors Among Men in Kenya: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"2","author":"E Moscoe","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw open"},{"key":"pone.0269340.ref142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5402\/2013\/740143","article-title":"Physiological, Behavioral, and Dietary Characteristics Associated with Hypertension among Kenyan Defence Forces","volume":"2013","author":"V Mundan","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISRN Prev Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0269340.ref143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.3934\/publichealth.2019.4.600","article-title":"Social and cultural determinants of health; understanding the persisting Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) in the rural populations in central Kenya","volume":"6","author":"D Mungai","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIMS Public Heal"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0269340.ref144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000368","article-title":"HIV and STI prevalence and risk factors among male sex workers and other men who have sex with men in nairobi, kenya","volume":"68","author":"N Muraguri","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0269340.ref145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.4102\/sajpsychiatry.v19i2.401","article-title":"Effectiveness of psycho-education on depression, hopelessness, suicidality, anxiety and substance use among basic diploma students at Kenya Medical Training College","volume":"19","author":"SK Muriungi","year":"2013","journal-title":"South African J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0269340.ref146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41479-017-0041-2","article-title":"Risk factors for community-acquired pneumonia among adults in Kenya: a case\u2013control study","volume":"9","author":"E Muthumbi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pneumonia"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0269340.ref147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-019-01014-4","article-title":"Relationship between Bullying, Substance Use, Psychiatric Disorders, and Social Problems in a Sample of Kenyan Secondary Schools","volume":"20","author":"VN Mutiso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prev Sci"},{"key":"pone.0269340.ref148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-696","article-title":"Factors associated with default from treatment among tuberculosis patients in nairobi province, Kenya: A case control study","volume":"11","author":"BN Muture","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0269340.ref149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-019-0307-5","article-title":"Depression, injecting drug use, and risky sexual behavior syndemic among women who inject drugs in Kenya: A cross-sectional survey","volume":"16","author":"C Mwangi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0269340.ref150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16081450","article-title":"Factors affecting hiv testing among youth in kenya","volume":"16","author":"A Nall","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0269340.ref151","article-title":"Effects of Parental Abandonment and Strife on Youth Drug Use","volume":"3","author":"S Ndegwa","year":"2020","journal-title":"AJADA"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0269340.ref152","article-title":"A study of drug use in five urban centres in Kenya","volume":"7","author":"D Ndetei","year":"2009","journal-title":"Afr J Drug Alcohol Stud"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0269340.ref153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1080\/08897070802606436","article-title":"Patterns of drug abuse in public secondary schools in Kenya","volume":"30","author":"DM Ndetei","year":"2009","journal-title":"Subst Abus"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0269340.ref154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1080\/08897070802606410","article-title":"Psychosocial and health aspects of drug use by students in public secondary schools in Nairobi, Kenya","volume":"30","author":"DM Ndetei","year":"2009","journal-title":"Subst Abus"},{"issue":"March","key":"pone.0269340.ref155","first-page":"110","author":"DM Ndetei","year":"2013","journal-title":"The_relationship_between_schizo-affective and mood disorders in patients"},{"issue":"SUPPL. 2","key":"pone.0269340.ref156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-010-9462-4","article-title":"Adolescent problem behavior in nairobi\u2019s informal settlements: Applying problem behavior theory in Sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"88","author":"RP Ndugwa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Urban Heal"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"pone.0269340.ref157","article-title":"Predictors of cervical cancer screening among Kenyan women: Results of a nested case-control study in a nationally representative survey","volume":"18","author":"A Ng\u2019Ang\u2019A","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"pone.0269340.ref158","first-page":"14","article-title":"Tobacco use and its determinants in the 2015 Kenya WHO STEPS survey","volume":"18","author":"C Ngaruiya","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0269340.ref159","first-page":"463","article-title":"Acute coronary syndromes amongst type 2 diabetics with ischaemic electrocardiograms presenting to Accident and Emergency department of a Kenyan Tertiary Institution","volume":"86","author":"HK Nguchu","year":"2009","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"key":"pone.0269340.ref160","article-title":"Level of risk in substance use among undergraduate students in Kenya: Implications for prevention intervention","volume":"1","author":"J Ngure","year":"2019","journal-title":"AJADA"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0269340.ref161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1989.tb00736.x","article-title":"Alcoholism Among Outpatients of a Rural District General Hospital in Kenya","volume":"84","author":"MFJ Nielsen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br J Addict"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0269340.ref162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-017-0503-9","article-title":"Low HDL-cholesterol among HIV-1 infected and HIV-1 uninfected individuals in Nairobi, Kenya","volume":"16","author":"A Njoroge","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"pone.0269340.ref163","first-page":"235","article-title":"Socio-demographic factors of pupils who use tobacco in randomly-selected primary schools in Nairobi Province, Kenya","volume":"80","author":"AEO Ogwell","year":"2003","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0269340.ref164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2013-051071","article-title":"Estimates of the Size of key populations at risk for HIV infection: Men who have sex with men, female sex workers and injecting drug users in Nairobi, Kenya","volume":"89","author":"J Okal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0269340.ref165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-2610-8","article-title":"Risk factors of hypertension among adults aged 35\u201364 years living in an urban slum Nairobi, Kenya","volume":"15","author":"B Olack","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0269340.ref166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-019-2118-3","article-title":"Khat use and psychotic symptoms in a rural Khat growing population in Kenya: A household survey","volume":"19","author":"L Ongeri","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0269340.ref167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1080\/07399332.2014.943840","article-title":"Association Between Domestic Violence and HIV Serostatus Among Married and Formerly Married Women in Kenya","volume":"36","author":"EO Onsomu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Care Women Int"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0269340.ref168","first-page":"592","article-title":"Substance abuse in outpatients attending rural and urban health centres in Kenya","volume":"77","author":"CJ Othieno","year":"2000","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"key":"pone.0269340.ref169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.04.070","article-title":"Depression among university students in Kenya: Prevalence and sociodemographic correlates","volume":"165","author":"CJ Othieno","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0269340.ref170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12991-015-0054-2","article-title":"Risky HIV sexual behaviour and depression among University of Nairobi students","volume":"14","author":"CJ Othieno","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0269340.ref171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1177\/0091217415610310","article-title":"Traumatic experiences, posttraumatic stress symptoms, depression, and health-risk behavior in relation to injury among University of Nairobi students in Kenya","volume":"50","author":"CJ Othieno","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Psychiatry Med"},{"key":"pone.0269340.ref172","article-title":"Relationship Between Attachment Styles And Risk For Problematic Drug Use Among Undergraduate Students In Selected Universities In Kenya","volume":"2","author":"HA Owuor","year":"2019","journal-title":"AJADA"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0269340.ref173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4102\/sajhivmed.v19i1.737","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus infection predictors and genetic diversity of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus co-infections among drug users in three major Kenyan cities","volume":"19","author":"M Oyaro","year":"2018","journal-title":"South Afr J HIV Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0269340.ref174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1080\/13691058.2013.857046","article-title":"Intimate partner violence against female sex workers in Mombasa, Kenya","volume":"16","author":"AP Pack","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cult Heal Sex"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0269340.ref175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2156","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2011.03518.x","article-title":"Treatment outcomes of a stage 1 cognitive-behavioral trial to reduce alcohol use among human immunodeficiency virus-infected out-patients in western Kenya","volume":"106","author":"RK Papas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0269340.ref176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13132","article-title":"Associations Between the Phosphatidylethanol Alcohol Biomarker and Self-Reported Alcohol Use in a Sample of HIV-Infected Outpatient Drinkers in Western Kenya","volume":"40","author":"RK Papas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0269340.ref177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2243","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-017-1684-y","article-title":"Rates and Covariates of Recent Sexual and Physical Violence Against HIV-Infected Outpatient Drinkers in Western Kenya","volume":"21","author":"RK Papas","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0269340.ref178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2016-052549","article-title":"Early sex work initiation and condom use among alcohol-using female sex workers in Mombasa, Kenya: a cross-sectional analysis","volume":"92","author":"AM Parcesepe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"pone.0269340.ref179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/503249","article-title":"Esophageal Cancer, the Topmost Cancer at MTRH in the Rift Valley, Kenya, and Its Potential Risk Factors","volume":"2013","author":"K Patel","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISRN Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0269340.ref180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1080\/00207590802511742","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of substance use among school children in six African countries","volume":"44","author":"K Peltzer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0269340.ref181","first-page":"320","article-title":"Early smoking initiation and associated factors among in-school male and female adolescents in seven African countries","volume":"11","author":"K. Peltzer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0269340.ref182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1080\/14330237.2019.1568728","article-title":"Alcohol use among adults in Kenya: Results from the National Non-Communicable Diseases Risk Factor survey, 2015","volume":"29","author":"S Pengpid","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Psychol Africa"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0269340.ref183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2014-051682","article-title":"Responses to antismoking radio and television advertisements among adult smokers and non-smokers across Africa: Message-testing results from Senegal, Nigeria and Kenya","volume":"24","author":"R Perl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0269340.ref184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-012-0389-2","article-title":"Socioeconomic position and later life prevalence of hypertension, diabetes and visual impairment in Nakuru, Kenya","volume":"58","author":"GB Ploubidis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0269340.ref185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s10745-017-9897-2","article-title":"Public Drinking Venues as Risk Environments: Commercial Sex, Alcohol and Violence in a Large Informal Settlement in Nairobi, Kenya","volume":"45","author":"EA Roth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum Ecol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0269340.ref186","first-page":"159","article-title":"Prevalence of sexual intercourse among school-going adolescents in Coast Province, Kenya","volume":"9","author":"E Rudatsikira","year":"2007","journal-title":"Tanzan Health Res Bull"},{"issue":"18","key":"pone.0269340.ref187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2513","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3282f2704a","article-title":"HIV-1 infection in high risk men who have sex with men in Mombasa, Kenya","volume":"21","author":"EJ Sanders","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aids"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0269340.ref188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1993.tb00822.x","article-title":"Alcohol consumption and related problems among primary health care patients: WHO Collaborative Project on Early Detection of Persons with Harmful Alcohol Consumption\u2014I","volume":"88","author":"JB Saunders","year":"1993","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"0 3","key":"pone.0269340.ref189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S251","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000846","article-title":"Depression, substance abuse and stigma among men who have sex with men in coastal Kenya","volume":"29","author":"AM Secor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"pone.0269340.ref190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.02.037","article-title":"Evidence of injection drug use in Kisumu, Kenya: Implications for HIV prevention","volume":"151","author":"JL Syvertsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0269340.ref191","first-page":"594","article-title":"Alcohol abuse among patients with and without HIV infection attending public clinics in western Kenya","volume":"81","author":"DN Shaffer","year":"2004","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0269340.ref192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-017-1344-9","article-title":"Correlates of alcohol consumption in rural western Kenya: A cross-sectional study","volume":"17","author":"R Takahashi","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0269340.ref193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agx083","article-title":"Evaluation of alcohol screening and community-based brief interventions in rural western Kenya: A quasi-experimental study","volume":"53","author":"R Takahashi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0269340.ref194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15061232","article-title":"Prevalence of smoking among men in Ethiopia and Kenya: A cross-sectional study","volume":"15","author":"S Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0269340.ref195","first-page":"10","volume":"7","author":"SP Tegang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Concurrent sexual and substance-use risk behaviors"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0269340.ref196","first-page":"766","volume":"15","author":"SH Tsuei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Factors Influencing Lay and Professional Health Workers \u2018 Self-Efficacy in Identification and"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0269340.ref197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-014-0936-3","article-title":"HIV and STI Prevalence and Injection Behaviors Among People Who Inject Drugs in Nairobi: Results from a 2011 Bio-behavioral Study Using Respondent-Driven Sampling","volume":"19","author":"W Tun","year":"2015","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"pone.0269340.ref198","article-title":"Individual and household level factors associated with presence of multiple non-communicable disease risk factors in Kenyan adults","volume":"18","author":"FM Wekesah","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0269340.ref199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6890-14-32","article-title":"Clinical chemistry profiles in injection heroin users from Coastal Region, Kenya","volume":"14","author":"T Were","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0269340.ref200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000502","article-title":"Alcohol use and associations with biological markers and self-reported indicators of unprotected sex in human immunodeficiency virus-positive female sex workers in Mombasa, Kenya","volume":"43","author":"D White","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"pone.0269340.ref201","first-page":"1","article-title":"Khat use, PTSD and psychotic symptoms among somali refugees in Nairobi\u2014a pilot study","volume":"2","author":"M Widmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Public Heal"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0269340.ref202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-017-1368-y","article-title":"Comorbid psychopathology and everyday functioning in a brief intervention study to reduce khat use among Somalis living in Kenya: description of baseline multimorbidity, its effects of intervention and its moderation effects on substance use","volume":"52","author":"M Widmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0269340.ref203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462415611514","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of intimate partner violence in HIV-positive women engaged in transactional sex in Mombasa, Kenya","volume":"27","author":"KS Wilson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0269340.ref204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2014-051797","article-title":"Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections including HIV in street-connected adolescents in western Kenya","volume":"91","author":"SE Winston","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0269340.ref205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0230894","article-title":"Intimate partner violence: A key correlate of women\u2019s physical and mental health in informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya","volume":"15","author":"SC Winter","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0269340.ref206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2019.1595519","article-title":"Association between substance use and concurrent sexual relationships among urban slum dwellers in Nairobi, Kenya","volume":"31","author":"DO Woldu","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIDS Care\u2014Psychol Socio-Medical Asp AIDS\/HIV"},{"key":"pone.0269340.ref207","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. New psychoactive substances.2020. https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/scientific\/NPS-Leaflet_WEB_2020.pdf. Accessed 12 June 2021"},{"key":"pone.0269340.ref208","unstructured":"UNODC World Drug Report 2020: Global drug use rising; while COVID-19 has far reaching impact on global drug markets. 2020. https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/unodc\/press\/releases\/2020\/June\/media-advisory\u2014global-launch-of-the-2020-world-drug-report.html"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0269340.ref209","first-page":"1","article-title":"Implementation science in resource-poor countries and communities","volume":"Vol. 13","author":"HM Yapa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Implementation Science"},{"key":"pone.0269340.ref210","unstructured":"World Health Organisation 2017. \u2018 Best Buys \u2018 and Other Recommended Interventions for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases; \u201cthe updated Appendix 3 of the WHO Global NCD Action Plan 2013\u20132020. https:\/\/www.who.int\/ncds\/management\/WHO_Appendix_BestBuys.pdf. Accessed 12 June 2021"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0269340.ref211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/17895","article-title":"Expanding access to perinatal depression treatment in Kenya through automated psychological support: Development and usability study","volume":"4","author":"EP Green","year":"2020","journal-title":"JMIR Form Res"},{"key":"pone.0269340.ref212","unstructured":"Business Today. Kenya leads Africa in smartphone usage [Internet]. 2020. https:\/\/businesstoday.co.ke\/kenya-leads-africa-smartphone-usage\/. Accessed 12 June 2021."},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0269340.ref213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110728","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110728","article-title":"Impact of physical exercise on substance use disorders: A meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"D Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0269340.ref214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2017.01.008","article-title":"Mindfulness treatment for substance misuse: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"75","author":"W Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0269340","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]],"date-time":"2022-06-09T17:33:31Z","timestamp":1654796011000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0269340"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Judith I","family":"Tsui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]]},"references-count":214,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0269340","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]]}}}