{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T19:34:04Z","timestamp":1790192044519,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]],"date-time":"2022-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications\u2019 Strategic Information and Communications R&D Promotion Programme","award":["MIC contract number: 181609003; research contract number 7; 2019507002; 2020507001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MIC contract number: 181609003; research contract number 7; 2019507002; 2020507001"]}]},{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research","award":["19H04228"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19H04228"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Communication interventions have broadened from dialogical meaning-making, assessment approaches, to remote-controlled interactive objects. Yet, interpretation of the mostly pre-or protosymbolic, distinctive, and idiosyncratic movements of children with intellectual disabilities (IDs) or profound intellectual and multiple disabilities (PIMD) using computer-based assistive technology (AT), machine learning (ML), and environment data (ED: location, weather indices and time) remain insufficiently unexplored. We introduce a novel behavior inference computer-based communication-aid AT system structured on machine learning (ML) framework to interpret the movements of children with PIMD\/IDs using ED. To establish a stable system, our study aimed to train, cross-validate (10-fold), test and compare the classification accuracy performance of ML classifiers (eXtreme gradient boosting [XGB], support vector machine [SVM], random forest [RF], and neural network [NN]) on classifying the 676 movements to 2, 3, or 7 behavior outcome classes using our proposed dataset recalibration (adding ED to movement datasets) with or without Boruta feature selection (53 child characteristics and movements, and ED-related features). Natural-child-caregiver-dyadic interactions observed in 105 single-dyad video-recorded (30-hour) sessions targeted caregiver-interpreted facial, body, and limb movements of 20 8-to 16-year-old children with PIMD\/IDs and simultaneously app-and-sensor-collected ED. Classification accuracy variances and the influences of and the interaction among recalibrated dataset, feature selection, classifiers, and classes on the pooled classification accuracy rates were evaluated using three-way ANOVA. Results revealed that Boruta and NN-trained dataset in class 2 and the non-Boruta SVM-trained dataset in class 3 had &gt;76% accuracy rates. Statistically significant effects indicating high classification rates (&gt;60%) were found among movement datasets: with ED, non-Boruta, class 3, SVM, RF, and NN. Similar trends (&gt;69%) were found in class 2, NN, Boruta-trained movement dataset with ED, and SVM and RF, and non-Boruta-trained movement dataset with ED in class 3. These results support our hypotheses that adding environment data to movement datasets, selecting important features using Boruta, using NN, SVM and RF classifiers, and classifying movements to 2 and 3 behavior outcomes can provide &gt;73.3% accuracy rates, a promising performance for a stable ML-based behavior inference communication-aid AT system for children with PIMD\/IDs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0269472","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]],"date-time":"2022-06-30T17:34:51Z","timestamp":1656610491000},"page":"e0269472","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Machine learning-based classification of the movements of children with profound or severe intellectual or multiple disabilities using environment data 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