{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T04:42:12Z","timestamp":1769834532710,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,3]],"date-time":"2022-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01MH108466"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01MH108466"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R56NS124422"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R56NS124422"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008064","name":"Georgetown University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Partners In Research Award"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Partners In Research Award"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008064","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008064","name":"Georgetown University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Lisa J. Raines Summer Research Fellowship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Lisa J. Raines Summer Research Fellowship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008064","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Neuronal dysfunction plays an important role in the high prevalence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) in people with HIV (PWH). Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)\u2014with its capability to improve neuronal function\u2014may have the potential to serve as an alternative therapeutic approach for HAND. Brain imaging and neurobehavioral studies provide converging evidence that injury to the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is highly prevalent and contributes to HAND in PWH, suggesting that ACC may serve as a potential neuromodulation target for HAND. Here we conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, partial crossover pilot study to test the safety, tolerability, and potential efficacy of anodal tDCS over cingulate cortex in adults with HIV, with a focus on the dorsal ACC (dACC).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec002\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eleven PWH (47\u201369 years old, 2 females, 100% African Americans, disease duration 16\u201336 years) participated in the study, which had two phases, Phase 1 and Phase 2. During Phase 1, participants were randomized to receive ten sessions of sham (n = 4) or cingulate tDCS (n = 7) over the course of 2\u20133 weeks. Treatment assignments were unknown to the participants and the technicians. Neuropsychology and MRI data were collected from four additional study visits to assess treatment effects, including one baseline visit (BL, prior to treatment) and three follow-up visits (FU1, FU2, and FU3, approximately 1 week, 3 weeks, and 3 months after treatment, respectively). Treatment assignment was unblinded after FU3. Participants in the sham group repeated the study with open-label cingulate tDCS during Phase 2. Statistical analysis was limited to data from Phase 1.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec003\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared to sham tDCS, cingulate tDCS led to a decrease in Perseverative Errors in Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), but not Non-Perseverative Errors, as well as a decrease in the ratio score of Trail Making Test\u2014Part B (TMT-B) to TMT\u2014Part A (TMT-A). Seed-to-voxel analysis with resting state functional MRI data revealed an increase in functional connectivity between the bilateral dACC and a cluster in the right dorsal striatum after cingulate tDCS. There were no differences in self-reported discomfort ratings between sham and cingulate tDCS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec004\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cingulate tDCS is safe and well-tolerated in PWH, and may have the potential to improve cognitive performance and brain function. A future study with a larger sample is warranted.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0269491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,3]],"date-time":"2022-06-03T17:55:36Z","timestamp":1654278936000},"page":"e0269491","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Cingulate transcranial direct current stimulation in adults with HIV"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7054-1556","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sophia","family":"Dahmani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margarita","family":"Bronshteyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fan Nils","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John Paul","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. Craig","family":"Gallagher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Srikanth R.","family":"Damera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Princy N.","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9699-318X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David J.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4931-752X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ronald J.","family":"Ellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter E.","family":"Turkeltaub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0269491.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2040","article-title":"HIV and antiretroviral therapy in the brain: neuronal injury and repair.","volume":"8","author":"R Ellis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"pone.0269491.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4283","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-021-03785-y","article-title":"Mechanisms of neuronal dysfunction in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders","volume":"78","author":"E Irollo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"pone.0269491.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1085","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000012394","article-title":"Alterations of Brain Metabolites in Adults With HIV: A Systematic Meta-analysis of Magnetic 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