{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T06:44:56Z","timestamp":1792651496638,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,16]],"date-time":"2022-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20PRE35210730"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20PRE35210730"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["834649-2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["834649-2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009238","name":"Virginia Commonwealth University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Pauley Heart Center Pilot Grants"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Pauley Heart Center Pilot Grants"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009238","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009238","name":"Virginia Commonwealth University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Presidential Quest Research Fund"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Presidential Quest Research Fund"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009238","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tissue engineering commonly entails combining autologous cell sources with biocompatible scaffolds for the replacement of damaged tissues in the body. Scaffolds provide functional support while also providing an ideal environment for the growth of new tissues until host integration is complete. To expedite tissue development, cells need to be distributed evenly within the scaffold. For scaffolds with a small diameter tubular geometry, like those used for vascular tissue engineering, seeding cells evenly along the luminal surface can be especially challenging. Perfusion-based cell seeding methods have been shown to promote increased uniformity in initial cell distribution onto porous scaffolds for a variety of tissue engineering applications. We investigate the seeding efficiency of a custom-designed perfusion-based seed-and-culture bioreactor through comparisons to a static injection counterpart method and a more traditional drip seeding method. Murine vascular smooth muscle cells were seeded onto porous tubular electrospun polycaprolactone scaffolds, 2 mm in diameter and 30 mm in length, using the three methods, and allowed to rest for 24 hours. Once harvested, scaffolds were evaluated longitudinally and circumferentially to assess the presence of viable cells using alamarBlue and live\/dead cell assays and their distribution with immunohistochemistry and scanning electron microscopy. On average, bioreactor-mediated perfusion seeding achieved 35% more luminal surface coverage when compared to static methods. Viability assessment demonstrated that the total number of viable cells achieved across methods was comparable with slight advantage to the bioreactor-mediated perfusion-seeding method. The method described is a simple, low-cost method to consistently obtain even distribution of seeded cells onto the luminal surfaces of small diameter tubular scaffolds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0269499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,16]],"date-time":"2022-06-16T17:31:11Z","timestamp":1655400671000},"page":"e0269499","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Evaluation of perfusion-driven cell seeding of small diameter engineered tissue vascular grafts with a custom-designed seed-and-culture bioreactor"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8467-973X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sarah K.","family":"Saunders","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sam 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