{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T18:28:21Z","timestamp":1789756101593,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]],"date-time":"2022-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009509","name":"Kementerian Riset Teknologi Dan Pendidikan Tinggi Republik Indonesia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["8\/AMD\/E1\/KP.PTNBH\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8\/AMD\/E1\/KP.PTNBH\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009509","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Internet gaming disorder (IGD) is a rising health concern. Indonesia has yet to have any validated instrument specifically designed to screen for this disorder. This study aims to validate the Indonesian version of the Ten-item Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGDT-10) and conduct a latent class analysis of gamers among the youth. An online survey was conducted between October and December 2020 at two universities in Depok and Jakarta, Indonesia. In total, 1233 respondents (62.6% female and 20.3\u00b11.90 years old) gave valid responses and played video games. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) confirmed the unidimensional structure of the scale. Cronbach\u2019s alpha was 0.72 and composite reliability was 0.92. The latent class analysis yielded three distinct classes of gamers. The continuation and negative consequences were highly distinctive for the group at high risk of IGD (class 3). Deception had the lowest endorsement rate (41.7%); while, the continuation domain had the highest endorsement, 91.2%. The IGD prevalence estimate was 1.90% among the respondents. Approximately 70.2% of the gamers did not show IGD symptoms. The adapted Indonesian IGDT-10 was demonstrated as valid and reliable among Indonesian youths. Consistent with previous studies, the deception domain had a low endorsement rate. The detected IGD rates were comparable to the global range. The majority of the current sample disclosed no symptoms; however, a considerable proportion would benefit from early preventive measures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0269528","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]],"date-time":"2022-06-14T17:50:48Z","timestamp":1655229048000},"page":"e0269528","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Psychometric properties of the Indonesian Ten-item Internet Gaming Disorder Test and a latent class analysis of gamer population among youths"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Kristiana","family":"Siste","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1668-3347","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Enjeline","family":"Hanafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5540-5652","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lee Thung","family":"Sen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5535-4111","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Reza","family":"Damayanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evania","family":"Beatrice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raden Irawati","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0269528.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013","edition":"5"},{"key":"pone.0269528.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S81","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-1758H","article-title":"Internet gaming disorder in children and adolescents","volume":"140","author":"DA Gentile","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"pone.0269528.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2017.06.010","article-title":"Internet gaming disorder: Trends in prevalence 1998\u20132016.","volume":"75","author":"W Feng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors."},{"key":"pone.0269528.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2582","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17072582","article-title":"Prevalence of Internet addiction and gaming disorders in Southeast Asia: A meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"DXY Chia","year":"2020","journal-title":"IJERPH"},{"key":"pone.0269528.ref005","article-title":"Number of gamers worldwide","author":"J. Clement","year":"2021","journal-title":"Statista"},{"key":"pone.0269528.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1177\/1557988318766950","article-title":"Internet Gaming Disorder: An Emergent Health Issue for Men.","volume":"12","author":"KH Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Mens Health"},{"key":"pone.0269528.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13057","article-title":"Working towards an international consensus on criteria for assessing internet gaming disorder: a critical commentary on Petry et al. (2014).","volume":"111","author":"MD Griffiths","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"pone.0269528.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-1495-2","article-title":"Mental, behavioral and neurodevelopmental disorders in the ICD-11: an international perspective on key changes and controversies.","volume":"18","author":"DJ Stein","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"pone.0269528.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2020.101831","article-title":"Screening and assessment tools for gaming disorder: A comprehensive systematic review.","volume":"77","author":"DL King","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"pone.0269528.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2015.11.005","article-title":"Validation of the Ten-Item Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGDT-10) and evaluation of the nine DSM-5 Internet gaming disorder criteria.","volume":"64","author":"O Kir\u00e1ly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors."},{"key":"pone.0269528.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000433","article-title":"Ten-Item Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGDT-10): Measurement invariance and cross-cultural validation across seven language-based samples.","volume":"33","author":"O Kir\u00e1ly","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol Addict Behav."},{"key":"pone.0269528.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.7.2018.92","article-title":"Chinese adaptation of the Ten-Item Internet Gaming Disorder Test and prevalence estimate of Internet gaming disorder among adolescents in Taiwan.","volume":"7","author":"Y-C Chiu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Addictions"},{"key":"pone.0269528.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1111\/sjop.12533","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGDT-10) and problematic gaming behavior among Finnish vocational school students.","volume":"60","author":"N M\u00e4nnikk\u00f6","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scand J Psychol."},{"key":"pone.0269528.ref014","article-title":"Psychometric validation of the Turkish Ten-Item Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGDT-10).","author":"C. Evren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dusunen Adam."},{"key":"pone.0269528.ref015","unstructured":"World Health Organization. International classification of diseases for mortality and morbidity statistics (11th Revision). Geneva; 2018. Available: https:\/\/icd.who.int\/browse11\/l-m\/en"},{"key":"pone.0269528.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1177\/014662169802200406","article-title":"A Method for Obtaining Standard Errors and Confidence Intervals of Composite Reliability for Congeneric Items.","volume":"22","author":"T. Raykov","year":"1998","journal-title":"Applied Psychological Measurement."},{"key":"pone.0269528.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","article-title":"Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives.","volume":"6","author":"L Hu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal."},{"key":"pone.0269528.ref018","article-title":"Mplus user\u2019s guide: Statistical analysis with latent variables","author":"L Muthen","year":"1998","edition":"7"},{"key":"pone.0269528.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00166","article-title":"Neurobiological Correlates in Internet Gaming Disorder: A Systematic Literature Review.","volume":"9","author":"DJ Kuss","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0269528.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.4.2015.009","article-title":"Are we overpathologizing everyday life? A tenable blueprint for behavioral addiction research.","volume":"4","author":"J Billieux","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Behav Addict"},{"key":"pone.0269528.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-014-0030-y","article-title":"Internet Gaming Disorder.","volume":"1","author":"C-H Ko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Addict Rep"},{"key":"pone.0269528.ref022","first-page":"149","article-title":"The concept of mental disorder: diagnostic implications of the harmful dysfunction analysis.","volume":"6","author":"JC Wakefield","year":"2007","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0269528.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1177\/1529100617727266","article-title":"Three Approaches to Understanding and Classifying Mental Disorder: ICD-11, DSM-5, and the National Institute of Mental Health\u2019s Research Domain Criteria (RDoC).","volume":"18","author":"LA Clark","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol Sci Public Interest."},{"key":"pone.0269528.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2014.02.008","article-title":"Evaluation of the diagnostic criteria of Internet gaming disorder in the DSM-5 among young adults in Taiwan","volume":"53","author":"C-H Ko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatric Research"},{"key":"pone.0269528.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2021.113829","article-title":"Internet addiction in adolescents: Development and validation of Internet Addiction Diagnostic Questionnaire (KDAI).","volume":"298","author":"K Siste","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research."},{"key":"pone.0269528.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-015-0066-7","article-title":"Internet Gaming Disorder and the DSM-5: Conceptualization, Debates, and Controversies.","volume":"2","author":"O Kir\u00e1ly","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Addict Rep."},{"key":"pone.0269528.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3109\/16066359.2014.935350","article-title":"A critical account of DSM-5 criteria for internet gaming disorder.","volume":"23","author":"D. Kardefelt-Winther","year":"2015","journal-title":"Addiction Research & Theory."},{"key":"pone.0269528.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1159\/000322525","article-title":"Psychological Predictors of Problematic Involvement in Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games: Illustration in a Sample of Male Cybercaf\u00e9 Players.","volume":"44","author":"J Billieux","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"key":"pone.0269528.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2017.06.012","article-title":"Internet gaming disorder, motives, game genres and psychopathology.","volume":"75","author":"S Laconi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior."},{"key":"pone.0269528.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e110137","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110137","article-title":"The Conceptualisation and Measurement of DSM-5 Internet Gaming Disorder: The Development of the IGD-20 Test.","volume":"9","author":"HM Pontes","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"pone.0269528.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.14290","article-title":"Relationship between problematic gaming and age at the onset of habitual gaming","volume":"62","author":"H Nakayama","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatrics International"},{"key":"pone.0269528.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e319","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-1353","article-title":"Pathological video game use among youths: A two-Year longitudinal study","volume":"127","author":"DA Gentile","year":"2011","journal-title":"PEDIATRICS"},{"key":"pone.0269528.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.4306\/pi.2017.14.1.21","article-title":"The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Internet Gaming Disorder: Development and Validation for Diagnosing IGD in Adolescents.","volume":"14","author":"HJ Koo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investig"},{"key":"pone.0269528.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.6.2017.039","article-title":"Gaming disorder: Its delineation as an important condition for diagnosis, management, and prevention","volume":"6","author":"JB Saunders","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Addictions"},{"key":"pone.0269528.ref035","volume-title":"Reducing Risks for Mental Disorders: Frontiers for Preventive Intervention Research","author":"P Mrazek","year":"1994","edition":"1"},{"key":"pone.0269528.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2020.106480","article-title":"Do men become addicted to internet gaming and women to social media? A meta-analysis examining gender-related differences in specific internet addiction.","volume":"113","author":"W Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior."},{"key":"pone.0269528.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2015.0415","article-title":"Addictive Online Games: Examining the Relationship Between Game Genres and Internet Gaming Disorder.","volume":"19","author":"JS Lemmens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking."}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0269528","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]],"date-time":"2022-06-14T17:51:22Z","timestamp":1655229082000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0269528"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Paolo","family":"Roma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0269528","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]]}}}