{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T02:26:06Z","timestamp":1789957566739,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]],"date-time":"2022-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RGPIN-2015-04299"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2015-04299"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Undergraduate Student Research Awards"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Undergraduate Student Research Awards"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Undergraduate Student Research Awards"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Undergraduate Student Research Awards"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Queen Elizabeth II Heart and Stroke Foundation"},{"name":"Rehabilitation Sciences Institute"},{"name":"Rehabilitation Sciences Institute"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CGS-M Award"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CGS-M Award"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Practice is required to improve one\u2019s shooting technique in basketball or to play a musical instrument well. Learning these motor skills may be further enhanced by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). We aimed to investigate whether tDCS leads to faster attainment of a motor skill, and to confirm prior work showing it improves skill acquisition and retention performance. Fifty-two participants were tested; half received tDCS with the anode on primary motor cortex and cathode on the contralateral forehead while concurrently practicing a sequential visuomotor isometric pinch force task on Day 1, while the other half received sham tDCS during practice. On Day 2, retention of the skill was tested. Results from a Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that participants in the anodal group attained a pre-defined target level of skill faster than participants in the sham group (\u03c72 = 9.117, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.003). Results from a nonparametric rank-based regression analysis showed that the rate of improvement was greater in the anodal versus sham group during skill acquisition (F(1,249) = 5.90, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.016), but there was no main effect of group or time. There was no main effect of group or time, or group by time interaction when comparing performance at the end of acquisition to retention. These findings suggest anodal tDCS improves performance more quickly during skill acquisition but does not have additional benefits on motor learning after a period of rest.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0269851","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]],"date-time":"2022-09-13T17:34:06Z","timestamp":1663090446000},"page":"e0269851","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Transcranial direct current stimulation leads to faster acquisition of motor skills, but effects are not maintained at retention"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Nirsan","family":"Kunaratnam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tyler M.","family":"Saumer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Kuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zacharie","family":"Holmes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dana","family":"Swarbrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Kiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Mochizuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1529-0309","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joyce L.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0269851.ref001","volume-title":"Motor control and learning","author":"R Schmidt","year":"2011","edition":"5"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0269851.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.06.001","article-title":"Low intensity transcranial electric stimulation: Safety, ethical, legal regulatory and application guidelines.","volume":"128","author":"A Antal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol [Internet]."},{"key":"pone.0269851.ref003","article-title":"Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS): A Beginner\u2019s Guide for Design and Implementation.","volume":"11","author":"H Thair","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Neurosci [Internet]."},{"key":"pone.0269851.ref004","article-title":"Modulating Motor Learning through Transcranial Direct-Current Stimulation: An Integrative View.","volume":"7","author":"C Ammann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Psychol [Internet]."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0269851.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.01.004","article-title":"Effects of tDCS on motor learning and memory formation: A consensus and critical position paper.","volume":"128","author":"ER Buch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"pone.0269851.ref006","article-title":"Does Cathodal vs. Sham Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Over Contralesional Motor Cortex Enhance Upper Limb Motor Recovery Post-stroke? 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