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We previously developed a plasma technology to partially convert air molecules into dinitrogen pentoxide (N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub>), an RNS whose physiological action is poorly understood. To reveal the function of N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub> gas in plant immunity, <jats:italic>Arabidopsis thaliana<\/jats:italic> was exposed to plasma-generated N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub> gas once (20 s) per day for 3 days, and inoculated with <jats:italic>Botrytis cinerea<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Pseudomonas syringae<\/jats:italic> pv. <jats:italic>tomato<\/jats:italic> DC3000 (<jats:italic>Pst<\/jats:italic>), or cucumber mosaic virus strain yellow (CMV(Y)) at 24 h after the final N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub> gas exposure. Lesion size with <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>cinerea<\/jats:italic> infection was significantly (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05) reduced by exposure to N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub> gas. Propagation of CMV(Y) was suppressed in plants exposed to N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub> gas compared with plants exposed to the air control. However, proliferation of <jats:italic>Pst<\/jats:italic> in the N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub>-gas-exposed plants was almost the same as in the air control plants. These results suggested that N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub> gas exposure could control plant disease depending on the type of pathogen. Furthermore, changes in gene expression at 24 h after the final N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub> gas exposure were analyzed by RNA-Seq. Based on the gene ontology analysis, jasmonic acid and ethylene signaling pathways were activated by exposure of <jats:italic>Arabidopsis<\/jats:italic> plants to N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub> gas. A time course experiment with qRT-PCR revealed that the mRNA expression of the transcription factor genes, <jats:italic>WRKY25<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>WRKY26<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>WRKY33<\/jats:italic>, and genes for tryptophan metabolic enzymes, <jats:italic>CYP71A12<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>CYP71A13<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>PEN2<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>PAD3<\/jats:italic>, was transiently induced by exposure to N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub> gas once for 20 s peaking at 1\u20133 h post-exposure. However, the expression of <jats:italic>PDF1<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>2<\/jats:italic> was enhanced beginning from 6 h after exposure and its high expression was maintained until 24\u201348 h later. Thus, enhanced tryptophan metabolism leading to the synthesis of antimicrobial substances such as camalexin and antimicrobial peptides might have contributed to the N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub>-gas-induced disease resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0269863","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,24]],"date-time":"2022-06-24T17:48:26Z","timestamp":1656092906000},"page":"e0269863","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Activation of plant immunity by exposure to dinitrogen pentoxide gas generated from air using plasma technology"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Daiki","family":"Tsukidate","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8037-5210","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Keisuke","family":"Takashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1478-7700","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shota","family":"Sasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuhei","family":"Miyashita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshiro","family":"Kaneko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5398-1867","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hideki","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0189-5064","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sugihiro","family":"Ando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0269863.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.148625","article-title":"Do pesticides promote or hinder sustainability in agriculture? 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