{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:53:31Z","timestamp":1789433611368,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]],"date-time":"2022-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Deputyship for Research & Innovation, Ministry of Education and Qassim University, Saudi Arabia","award":["QU-IF-1-4-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QU-IF-1-4-2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Brucellosis is an endemic zoonotic disease caused by<jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>species, which are intramacrophage pathogens that make treating this disease challenging. The negative effects of the treatment regime have prompted the development of new antimicrobials against brucellosis. A new treatment modality for antibiotic-resistant microorganisms is the use of nanoparticles (NPs). In this study, we examined the antibacterial activities of silver and gold NPs (SNPs and GNPs, respectively), the resistance developed by<jats:italic>Brucella melitensis<\/jats:italic>(<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>melitensis<\/jats:italic>) and<jats:italic>Brucella abortus<\/jats:italic>(<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>abortus<\/jats:italic>) strains and the toxicity of both of these NPs in experimental rats. To test the bactericidal effects of the SNPs and GNPs, we used 22 multidrug-resistant<jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>isolates (10<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>melitensis<\/jats:italic>and 12<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>abortus<\/jats:italic>). The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of both types of NPs were determined utilizing the microdilution technique. To test the stability of resistance, 7<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>melitensis<\/jats:italic>and 6<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>abortus<\/jats:italic>isolates were passaged ten times in culture with subinhibitory concentrations of NPs and another ten times without NPs. Histopathological analysis was completed after rats were given 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 mg\/kg NPs orally for 28 consecutive days. The MIC values (\u03bcg\/ml) of the 10-nm SNPs and 20-nm GNPs against<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>melitensis<\/jats:italic>were 22.43 \u00b1 2.32 and 13.56 \u00b1 1.22, while these values were 18.77 \u00b1 1.33 and 12.45 \u00b1 1.59 for<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>abortus<\/jats:italic>, respectively. After extensive<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>exposure, most strains showed no resistance to the 10-nm SNPs or 20-nm GNPs. The NPs and antibiotics did not cross-react in any of the evolved<jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>strains. SNPs and GNPs at doses below 2 mg\/kg were not harmful to rat tissue according to organ histopathological examinations. However, a greater dose of NPs (2 mg\/kg) harmed all of the tissues studied. The bactericidal properties of NPs are demonstrated in this work.<jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>strains develop similar resistance to SNPs and GNPs, and at low dosages, neither SNPs nor GNPs were hazardous to rats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0269963","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]],"date-time":"2022-07-14T17:35:32Z","timestamp":1657820132000},"page":"e0269963","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Brucella species-induced brucellosis: Antimicrobial effects, potential resistance and toxicity of silver and gold nanosized particles"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7726-9532","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ayman","family":"Elbehiry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Musaad","family":"Aldubaib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osamah","family":"Al 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