{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T14:06:09Z","timestamp":1740146769783,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]],"date-time":"2022-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007479","name":"Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Padova e Rovigo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["COVID-CNS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COVID-CNS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007479","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>During the first wave of infections, neurological symptoms in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients raised particular concern, suggesting that, in a subset of patients, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) could invade and damage cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Indeed, up to date several <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> studies have shown the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to reach the CNS. Both viral and\/or host related features could explain why this occurs only in certain individuals and not in all the infected population. The aim of the present study was to evaluate if onset of neurological manifestations in COVID-19 patients was related to specific viral genomic signatures. To this end, viral genome was extracted directly from nasopharyngeal swabs of selected SARS-CoV-2 positive patients presenting a spectrum of neurological symptoms related to COVID-19, ranging from anosmia\/ageusia to more severe symptoms. By adopting a whole genome sequences approach, here we describe a panel of known as well as unknown mutations detected in the analyzed SARS-CoV-2 genomes. While some of the found mutations were already associated with an improved viral fitness, no common signatures were detected when comparing viral sequences belonging to specific groups of patients. In conclusion, our data support the notion that COVID-19 neurological manifestations are mainly linked to patient-specific features more than to virus genomic peculiarities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0270024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]],"date-time":"2022-06-30T17:29:31Z","timestamp":1656610171000},"page":"e0270024","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in patients presenting neurological manifestations"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Vicco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Caccuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Serena","family":"Messali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Vitiello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aron","family":"Emmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Del Vecchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Reale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arnaldo","family":"Caruso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giancarlo","family":"Ottaviano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Mucignat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Parolin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angelo","family":"Antonini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6881-7936","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Arianna","family":"Calistri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0270024.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-0695-z","article-title":"The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2","volume":"5","author":"C S G of the International","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"issue":"7798","key":"pone.0270024.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7","article-title":"A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin","volume":"579","author":"P Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0270024.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9030186","article-title":"Insights into the recent 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in light of past human coronavirus outbreaks","volume":"9","author":"HM Ashour","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"pone.0270024.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-26765-4_3","volume-title":"The coronavirus replicase","author":"J. Ziebuhr","year":"2005"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0270024.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9050331","article-title":"The human coronavirus disease COVID-19: its origin, characteristics, and insights into potential drugs and its mechanisms","volume":"9","author":"L Alanagreh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0270024.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9051267","article-title":"A structural view of SARS-CoV-2 RNA replication machinery: RNA synthesis, proofreading and final capping","volume":"9","author":"M Romano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270024.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20688-x","article-title":"Genomic epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 reveals multiple lineages and early spread of SARS-CoV-2 infections in Lombardy, Italy","volume":"12","author":"C Alteri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0270024.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-021-00408-x","article-title":"The biological and clinical significance of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants","volume":"22","author":"K Tao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"pone.0270024.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.108565","article-title":"A Review on evolution of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants based on spike glycoprotein","volume":"105","author":"N Ghosh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0270024.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.10.004","article-title":"Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 transmission and pathogenesis","volume":"41","author":"AG Harrison","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0270024.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.327323","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 involvement in central nervous system tissue damage","volume":"17","author":"MA Haidar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0270024.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13372","article-title":"Neurological manifestations in COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2","volume":"26","author":"AM Baig","year":"2020","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270024.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1017\/cjn.2020.146","article-title":"Neurological manifestations in COVID-19 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"48","author":"M E V Collantes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0270024.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-05965-1","article-title":"Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a multicenter European study","volume":"277","author":"JR Lechien","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-L"},{"issue":"31","key":"pone.0270024.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabc5801","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abc5801","article-title":"Non-neuronal expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes in the olfactory system suggests mechanisms underlying COVID-19-associated anosmia","volume":"6","author":"DH Brann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0270024.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25783","article-title":"Steroid-responsive encephalitis in coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"88","author":"A Pilotto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0270024.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25855","article-title":"COVID-19-associated encephalopathy and cytokine-mediated neuroinflammation","volume":"88","author":"L Muccioli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0270024.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3104","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa240","article-title":"The emerging spectrum of COVID-19 neurology: clinical, radiological and laboratory findings","volume":"143","author":"RW Paterson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0270024.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1343","article-title":"Coronavirus infection of the central nervous system: host\u2013virus stand-off","volume":"4","author":"CC Bergmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270024.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3390\/v12010014","article-title":"Human coronaviruses and other respiratory viruses: underestimated opportunistic pathogens of the central nervous system?","volume":"12","author":"M Desforges","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"pone.0270024.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.03.031","article-title":"Nervous system involvement after infection with COVID-19 and other coronaviruses","volume":"87","author":"Y Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0270024.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2021.08.009","article-title":"Molecular Profiling of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Autopsies Uncovers Novel Disease Mechanisms","volume":"191","author":"E Pujadas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"pone.0270024.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.573095","article-title":"The spatial and cell-type distribution of SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 in the human and mouse brains","volume":"11","author":"R Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0270024.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1002\/sctm.21-0183","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 research using human pluripotent stem cells and organoids","volume":"10","author":"S Deguchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0270024.ref025","first-page":"60131","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infects human neural progenitor cells and brain organoids","volume":"30","author":"BZ Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0270024.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30308-2","article-title":"Neuropathology of patients with COVID-19 in Germany: a post-mortem case series","volume":"19","author":"J Matschke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0270024.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010250","article-title":"Acute necrotizing encephalopathy with SARS-CoV-2 RNA confirmed in cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"95","author":"J Virhammar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"pone.0270024.ref028","first-page":"76","article-title":"COVID-19 Current challenges and future perspectives","volume":"8","author":"A. Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Betham Books"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0270024.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0311-8","article-title":"The trinity of COVID-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention","volume":"20","author":"MZ Tay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0270024.ref030","article-title":"Highly sensitive and full-genome interrogation of SARS-CoV-2 using multiplexed PCR enrichment followed by next-generation sequencing","author":"C Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0270024.ref031","article-title":"Within-host diversity of SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 patients with variable disease severities","volume":"534","author":"HA Al Khatib","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0270024.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-0770-5","article-title":"A dynamic nomenclature proposal for SARS-CoV-2 lineages to assist genomic epidemiology","volume":"5","author":"A Rambaut","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0270024.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbx108","article-title":"MAFFT online service: multiple sequence alignment, interactive sequence choice and visualization","volume":"20","author":"K Katoh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brief Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"22","key":"pone.0270024.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3276","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu531","article-title":"AliView: a fast and lightweight alignment viewer and editor for large datasets","volume":"30","author":"A. Larsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270024.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msu300","article-title":"IQ-TREE: a fast and effective stochastic algorithm for estimating maximum-likelihood phylogenies","volume":"32","author":"LT Nguyen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"pone.0270024.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01800","article-title":"Geographic and genomic distribution of SARS-CoV-2 mutations","author":"D Mercatelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0270024.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10020091","article-title":"One year of SARS-CoV-2: how much has the virus changed?","volume":"10","author":"S Vilar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"pone.0270024.ref038","article-title":"COVID-19 and the Brain","author":"K S Hingorani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends cardiovasc. Med"},{"key":"pone.0270024.ref039","first-page":"e932962","article-title":"A review of neurological involvement in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"27","author":"Y Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0270024.ref040","first-page":"1","article-title":"Neurological manifestations of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A retrospective case series study (February 24, 2020)","volume":"77","author":"L Mao","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0270024.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-020-01049-4","article-title":"Neurological involvement in COVID-19 and potential mechanisms: a review","volume":"34","author":"G Aghagoli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurocritical care"},{"key":"pone.0270024.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genrep.2022.101505","article-title":"Global data analysis and risk factors associated with morbidity and mortality of COVID-19","volume":"26","author":"SS Tazerji","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gene Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0270024.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30221-0","article-title":"Neurological associations of COVID-19","volume":"19","author":"M A Ellul","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet Neurology"},{"key":"pone.0270024.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829094","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.829094","article-title":"Interactions of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Protein E With Cell Junctions and Polarity PSD-95\/Dlg\/ZO-1-Containing Proteins","volume":"13","author":"Y Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0270024.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0313521","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.03135-21","article-title":"Contribution of Host miRNA-223-3p to SARS-CoV-Induced Lung Inflammatory Pathology","volume":"13","author":"L Morales","year":"2022","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"pone.0270024.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198170","article-title":"Signal hotspot mutations in SARS-CoV-2 genomes evolve as the virus spreads and actively replicates in different parts of the world","volume":"289","author":"S Weber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"issue":"48","key":"pone.0270024.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30679","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2007840117","article-title":"Analysis of genomic distributions of SARS-CoV-2 reveals a dominant strain type with strong allelic associations","volume":"117","author":"HC Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0270024.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.06.043","article-title":"Tracking changes in SARS-CoV-2 spike: evidence that D614G increases infectivity of the COVID-19 virus","volume":"182","author":"B Korber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270024.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5986","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19818-2","article-title":"No evidence for increased transmissibility from recurrent mutations in SARS-CoV-2","volume":"11","author":"L van Dorp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270024.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-020-02344-6","article-title":"Emerging SARS-CoV-2 mutation hot spots include a novel RNA-dependent-RNA polymerase variant","volume":"18","author":"M Pachetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0270024.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-020-09954-3","article-title":"Infectivity of SARS-CoV-2: there is something more than D614G?","volume":"15","author":"SR Kannan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neuroimmune Pharmacol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0270024.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2020.10.004","article-title":"Non-synonymous mutations of SARS-CoV-2 leads epitope loss and segregates its variants","volume":"22","author":"AM Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"issue":"7852","key":"pone.0270024.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2895-3","article-title":"Spike mutation D614G alters SARS-CoV-2 fitness","volume":"592","author":"JA Plante","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270024.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21118-2","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 D614G spike mutation increases entry efficiency with enhanced ACE2-binding affinity","volume":"12","author":"S Ozono","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270024.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19808-4","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 spike-protein D614G mutation increases virion spike density and infectivity","volume":"11","author":"L Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"7869","key":"pone.0270024.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03677-y","article-title":"Spread of a SARS-CoV-2 variant through Europe in the summer of 2020","volume":"595","author":"EB Hodcroft","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pone.0270024.ref057","article-title":"Reporting two SARS-CoV-2 strains based on a unique trinucleotide-bloc mutation and their potential pathogenic difference","author":"M Ayub","year":"2020","journal-title":"Preprintsorg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270024.ref058","first-page":"1","article-title":"COVID-19 and possible links with Parkinson\u2019s disease and parkinsonism: from bench to bedside","volume":"6","author":"D Sulzer","year":"2020","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinson\u2019s Dis"},{"volume-title":"Genomic Sequencing of SARS-CoV-2: A Guide to Implementation for Maximum Impact on Public Health","year":"2021","author":"World Health Organization","key":"pone.0270024.ref059"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0270024.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.74645.1","article-title":"Temporal trends of sex differences for COVID-19 infection, hospitalisation, severe disease, intensive care unit (ICU) admission and death: a meta-analysis of 229 studies covering over 10M patients","volume":"11","author":"BG Pijls","year":"2022","journal-title":"F1000Res"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0270024","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]],"date-time":"2022-06-30T17:30:21Z","timestamp":1656610221000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0270024"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"A. M.","family":"Abd El-Aty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0270024","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1932-6203"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]]}}}